Ultrastructural Analysis of Endolymphatic Sac Biopsies: Biopsy Technique and Identification of Endolympathic Sac Epithelium

Human endolymphatic sac: possible mechanisms of pressure regulation

“…Most interestingly, the distribution of the dense connective tissue observed in the subepithelial tissue of these patients ( Fig. 6) corresponds to that area most commonly biopsied in patients with Meniere's disease (Arenberg et al, 1982). Consequently, caution should be exercised in attributing Meniere's disease to ES fibrosis (Schindler et al, 1979).…”

Endolymphatic sac tumours

“…13,19 This description is consistent with data from normal endolymphatic sac. [49][50][51] Cilia in a characteristic 9 plus 2 arrangement, as on respiratory cells, are found on the epithelium of the mastoid cells. 45,46 Tumour cells with cilia, 37 hence, will have originated from middle ear mucosa, because normal human endolymphatic sac cells do not have cilia.…”

“…45,46 Tumour cells with cilia, 37 hence, will have originated from middle ear mucosa, because normal human endolymphatic sac cells do not have cilia. 43,49,51…”

Viral Theory for Ménière's Disease and Endolymphatic Hydrops: Overview and New Therapeutic Options for Viral Labyrinthitis

“…The pathology of the ELS in humans with Ménière's disease, at the light and ultrastructural level, is not as well appreciated. The reader is referred to the original studies and illustrations at the light microscopic level, 1–3 as well as the ultra‐structural level 10–12 . The entire spectrum of the pathology from almost normal ELS to end‐stage inner‐ear disease suggests a role for a virus as the causative factor in some of the cases 13 .…”