Über die Einstellung der Richtungsquantelung

Phipps, T. E.; Stern, O.

doi:10.1007/bf01351212

Cited by 41 publications

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“…It seems that Einstein's letter stimulated Stern to perform an "improved" threestage SGE experiment, where two SG apparatus were combined and aligned to each other. The realization of this experiment by Stern, Phipps, Frisch, and Segrè is described below (Phipps and Stern, 1932;Frisch and Segrè, 1933), for a modern discussion of such multi-stage SGE, see, e.g. (Bohm, 1993, ch.…”

Section: (In Enricomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1931, Stern and Thomas Erwin Phipps, a Guggenheim fellow, who came from the US to work for a few months in Stern's institute in Hamburg, published a paper "on the alignment of directional quantization" (Phipps and Stern, 1932). The paper is de-facto an answer to Einstein's letter.…”

Section: U^x L^x * U3 T* £E O Zi < -mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus it is not surprising that soon after the SGE was performed, both proposed nearly identical suggestions of an improved multi-stage SGE to explore more secrets of the directional quantization process of the magnetic moments. These proposed experiments of an improved multi-stage SGE and the realization of these proposals by Thomas Erwin Phipps (1896Phipps ( -1990 and Otto Stern, andby Robert Otto Frisch (1904-1979) and Emilio Segrè (1905Segrè ( -1989 are revisited (Phipps and Stern, 1932;Frisch and Segrè, 1933). Heisenberg's and Einstein's proposed experimental set-up can be considered a pre-Rabi apparatus with varying fields.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…There has been considerable debate in the literature whether this collapse would, in fact, happen already before the atoms hit the detector screen, in fact, whether it would happen as early as the point of entry when the atom first gets into contact with the B-field. Stern himself believed that the silver atom magnetic moment is adiabatically rotated into the observed angle due to Larmor precession (Phipps and Stern, 1932).…”

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The Stern-Gerlach experiment revisited

Schmidt‐Böcking

Schmidt

Lüdde

et al. 2016

EPJ H

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The Stern-Gerlach-Experiment (SGE) performed in 1922 is a seminal benchmark experiment of quantum physics providing evidence for several fundamental properties of quantum systems. Based on the knowledge of today we illustrate the different benchmark results of the SGE for the development of modern quantum physics and chemistry.The SGE provided the first direct experimental evidence for angular momentum quantization in the quantum world and therefore also for the existence of directional quantization of all angular momenta in the process of measurement. Furthermore, it measured for the first time a ground state property of an atom, it produced for the first time a fully "spin-polarized" atomic beam, and it also revealed the electron spin, even though this was not realized at the time. The SGE was the first fully successful molecular beam experiment where the kinematics of particles can be determined with high momentum-resolution by beam measurements in vacuum. This technique provided a kind of new kinematic microscope with which inner atomic or nuclear properties could be investigated.Historical facts of the original SGE are described together with early attempts by Einstein, Ehrenfest, Heisenberg, and others to reveal the physical processes creating directional quantization in the SGE. Heisenberg's and Einstein's proposals of an improved multi-stage SGE are presented. The first realization of these proposed experiments by Stern, Phipps, Frisch and Segrè is described. The experimental set-up suggested by Einstein can be considered as an anticipation of a Rabi-apparatus with varying fields. Recent theoretical work by Wennerström and Westlund, by Devereux and others, is mentioned in which the directional quantization process and possible interference effects of the two different spin states are investigated. * Corresponding author: hsb@atom.uni-frankfurt.de In full agreement with the results of the new quantum theory directional quantization appears as a general and universal feature of quantum measurements. One experimental example for such directional quantization in scattering processes is shown. Last not least, the early history of the "almost" discovery of the electron spin in the SGE is revisited.

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Section: (In Enricomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: U^x L^x * U3 T* £E O Zi < -mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Stern-Gerlach experiment revisited

Schmidt‐Böcking

Schmidt

Lüdde

et al. 2016

EPJ H

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“…In the early 1930s, after the pioneering experiments by Stern and Gerlach [32] and by Phipps [33], researchers started investigating the behaviour of a magnetic dipole in a varying magnetic field. Güttinger [34], among the others, had studied the case of a motionless atom in the presence of a magnetic field varying with time.…”

Section: Majorana and Atomic Confinement In Magnetic Trapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ettore Majorana’s legacy to contemporary physics

Pucci¹,

Cataliotti²

2007

Proceedings of Ettore Majorana's Legacy and the Physics of the XXI Century — PoS(EMC2006)

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To celebrate the centennial of Ettore Majorana's birth (1906-1938?), we survey the legacy of his scarce but fundamental scientific production to nearly all branches of physics, from atomic and molecular, to nuclear and subnuclear physics. In particular, we focus on a not so well known short communication by Majorana, where he critically discusses Fermi's solution of the celebrated Thomas-Fermi equation for electron screening in atoms and positive ions. We argue that some of Majorana's seminal contributions in molecular physics already prelude to the idea of exchange interactions (or Heisenberg-Majorana forces) in his later works on theoretical nuclear physics. We also describe a recent experiment on atomic confinement in magnetic traps, based on the ideas developed in Majorana's paper on the behaviour of atoms in a varying magnetic field. In all his papers, Majorana emphasized the symmetries at the basis of a physical problem, as well as the limitations, rather than the advantages, of the approximations of the method employed. October 5-6, 2006, International Conference -Ettore Majorana's legacy and the Physics of the XXI century -

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Solid‐State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Gerald¹

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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The first experimental verification of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the solid state by Edward M. Purcell, Henry C. Torrey, and Robert V. Pound occurred on Saturday afternoon, December 15, 1945. Since then, new developments have transformed this form of spectroscopy from an interesting physical curiosity at its inception to one of the most widely used analytical tools for physical, chemical, biological, and materials research and applications. The capabilities of NMR include identification of molecules in all phases of matter by their atomic connectivities; probing the temperature‐dependent conformation of molecules from cyclohexane to complex 50 kilo‐Dalton proteins; molecular dynamics investigations from the picosecond timescale for rotation of small molecules to the second timescale for atoms diffusing throughout the three‐dimensional nanoscopic channels of zeolites; elucidation of chemical reaction mechanisms; the determination of organization, reorientation, and diffusion of molecular solids; the identification of phase changes and morphology of solids; the measurement of bond lengths and interatomic distances between nonbonded atoms; the assessment of pore size in nanoporous solids as well as identification of adsorbates and their diffusivities; the estimation of physicochemical parameters of molecular systems such as equilibrium and kinetic rate constants, enthalpies and entropies of a reaction, and activation energies; the capability to follow a metabolic pathway taking place inside living cells; the quantification of the alignment of molecules in partially ordered systems; the determination of nanoscale domain sizes in heterogeneous materials; and the noninvasive imaging of all phases and forms of matter under various temperature, pressure, and mechanical conditions. The scope of this article is very selective, covering some of the most widely used techniques and more unusual areas of application of solid‐state NMR. These topics are covered at different levels of detail, and some are just mentioned by reference to published work. This article is not intended to present a comprehensive review of all state‐of‐the‐art NMR techniques; for these the reader should consult references included in the text. Instead, this article provides a historical background and the fundamental concepts of magnetic resonance that preceded solid‐state NMR, a general overview of the basic principles with emphasis on the visualization of anisotropic spin interactions, a review of the most widely used methods for investigating solids by NMR, and practical information to provide a modicum of guidance for application of the methods. There are several redundancies in terminology so that different sections can be read independently. The references are an important component of the article and should be consulted for more complete and often original accounts of the theory and techniques for the application of NMR to solids. A modest attempt was made to include original and important references, but more important, many were included to provide examples of chemical and physical insights arrived at in whole or in part by application of NMR techniques to the investigation of the problem. For figures and tables, if no reference or acknowledgment is provided, the spectrum or photograph in the figure or the table was previously unpublished. The article is directed at a general audience of chemical and physical analytical scientists with an interest in NMR. In addition, NMR spectroscopists may find some interesting details of studies on metals and magnetic materials.

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Über die Einstellung der Richtungsquantelung

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

The Stern-Gerlach experiment revisited

The Stern-Gerlach experiment revisited

Ettore Majorana’s legacy to contemporary physics

Solid‐State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

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