Typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa

Abstract

Salmonella infections in humans can range from self-limiting gastroenteritis typically associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) to typhoidal fever, which can be life-threatening. Salmonellosis causes considerable morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals, and has a significant socioeconomic impact worldwide. In Africa, it is difficult to evaluate the situation of salmonellosis due to the non-availability of facilities capable of performing the tests essential for the diagnosis of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. This article reviews important work in the literature, including the epidemiology, disease burden, pathogenesis, genomics, diagnosis, treatment, emergence and tracking of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella infections and intercontinental transmission of Salmonella to Africa. Searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were completed and the retrieved list of relevant publications were further screened. The literature revealed that the most common form of the disease in Africa is gastroenteritis, with bacterial multiplication in intestinal submucosa and diarrhoea caused by the inflammatory response and, perhaps, also by toxins. In addition to the high burden of Salmonella infection in Africa, MDR Salmonella species is on the rise in the continent, which might pose difficulties in the treatment of the disease.

Molecular Detection of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Species Isolated from Broiler Farm in Bangladesh

“…MDR Salmonella are important to the etiology of bacterial foodborne associated deaths, particularly in the LMICs [47]. The WHO recognized Salmonella as one of the pathogens having severe impacts on human health [48].…”

Immunopathogenesis of Salmonellosis

“…Salmonella species cause a varying number of clinical manifestations in the host that can range from self-limiting gastroenteritis typically associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) to typhoidal or paratyphoidal fevers, which can be life-threatening [6].…”

“…Serovars S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg and S. Newport are linked to such food-borne diseases, with farm animals being reservoirs for these serotypes [4,5]. Salmonellosis is a big socio-economic threat worldwide that causes considerable mortality and morbidity in both humans and animals [6]. Most of the human-related diseases are food-borne, and exposure to these bacteria at different places has also been linked to human salmonellosis.…”

A Salmonella typhimurium Outbreak Associated With Food Served at a Wedding Reception

“…Florokinolonlar, azitromisin, kloramfenikol ve üçüncü kuşak sefalosporinler en uygun tedavi seçenekleridir. Bakteriyemi ve lokal organ infeksiyonlarında öncelikle kinolonlar ve seftriakson yeğlenir (25)(26)(27). Çalışmamızda da benzer risk faktörlerine sahip 13 hastaya siprofloksasin başlanmış, 11 hastanın tedavisi beşinci günde kesilmiş, kan kültüründe üreme olan iki hastanın tedavisi 14 güne tamamlanmıştır.…”