Two conifer species native to Patagonia threatened by <i>Phytophthora austrocedri</i>

Taccari, Leonardo E.; Greslebin, Alina Gabriela; Salomón, María Eugenia Salgado; Vélez, María Laura

doi:10.1111/efp.12496

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Don.) Florín) has been demonstrated in vitro [20]. The species resides in clade 8 of the Phytophthora phylogenetic tree, which includes other important forest pathogens, such as P. ramorum Werres, De Cock and Man and P. lateralis Tucker and Milbrath [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytophthora austrocedri in Argentina and Co-Inhabiting Phytophthoras: Roles of Anthropogenic and Abiotic Factors in Species Distribution and Diversity

Vélez

Manna

Tarabini

et al. 2020

Forests

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This work reports the first survey of Phytophthora diversity in the forests soils of Andean Patagonia. It also discusses the role of anthropogenic impact on Phytophthora distribution inferred from the findings on Phytophthora diversity and on the distribution of Phytophthora austrocedri-diseased forests. Invasive pathogen species threatening ecosystems and human activities contribute to their entry and spread. Information on pathogens already established, and early detection of potential invasive ones, are crucial to disease management and prevention. Phytophthora austrocedri causes the most damaging forest disease in Patagonia, affecting the endemic species Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Pic. Sern. and Bizzarri. However, the relationship between anthropogenic impacts and the disease distribution has not been analyzed enough. The aims of this work were: to evaluate Phytophthora diversity in soils of Andean Patagonia using a metabarcoding method, and analyze this information in relation to soil type and land use; to assess the distribution of Austrocedrus disease over time in relation to anthropogenic and abiotic gradients in an area of interest; and to discuss the role of human activities in Phytophthora spread. High throughput Illumina sequencing was used to detect Phytophthora DNA in soil samples. The distribution of Austrocedrus disease over time was assessed by satellite imagery interpretation. Twenty-three Phytophthora species, 12 of which were new records for Argentina, were detected. The most abundant species was P. austrocedri, followed by P. × cambivora, P. ramorum and P. kernoviae. The most frequent was P. × cambivora, followed by P. austrocedri and P. ramorum. Phytophthora richness and abundance, and Austrocedrus disease distribution, were influenced by land use, anthropogenic impact and soil drainage. Results showed several Phytophthoras, including well-known pathogenic species. The threat they could present to Patagonian ecosystems and their relations to human activities are discussed. This study evidenced the need of management measures to control the spread of P. austrocedri and other invasive Phytophthora species in Patagonia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytophthora austrocedri in Argentina and Co-Inhabiting Phytophthoras: Roles of Anthropogenic and Abiotic Factors in Species Distribution and Diversity

Vélez

Manna

Tarabini

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…Evidence indicates that P. austrocedri is, most likely, an exotic pathogen that was introduced to the Patagonian Andes in the early 1940s [10]. A. chilensis is its only known host in Patagonia, but the susceptibility of other native tree species from Cupressaceae has been demonstrated in vitro [11]. Host shift is recurrent in the case of Phytophthoras, as occurred for example with Phytophthora ramorum, which can infect more than one hundred species, including both U.S.-native forest and ornamental species [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic Factors Control the Distribution of a Southern Conifer Phytophthora Disease in a Peri-Urban Area of Northern Patagonia, Argentina

Giordana¹,

Kitzberger

Manna

2020

Forests

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Several mid-sized urban areas have established boundaries overlapping with the distribution of Austrocedruschilensis (D.Don) Pic.Serm. & Bizzarri forests in Patagonia. These forests suffer a disease whose primary cause is the aggressive pathogen Phytophthora austrocedri. This study analyzes the factors related to Austrocedrus disease in an urban and peri-urban environment, showing that anthropogenic factors related to Phytophthora dispersion predominantly influence the disease distribution. The study was developed in urban and suburban areas of San Carlos de Bariloche county (Río Negro Province, Argentina). A database of requests to fell A. chilensis trees, from the Forest Department of Río Negro Province, was cleaned up and improved through satellite images analysis and field sampling. Data were analyzed in order to set up a layer of Austrocedrus disease presence. From this layer, and from anthropogenic and environmental layers (distance to houses, distance to roads, precipitation, slope, aspect, altitude, distance to water courses), a risk model was developed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. In turn, data from the field sampling were assessed by contingency tables and chi square analysis. The results show that disease occurrence in San Carlos de Bariloche county is associated with the insertion of the urban network over areas of native forests. Distance to houses, distance to roads and distance to gardens with irrigation were the most important variables associated with the disease occurrence. A risk model was generated for the study area, which shows the current risk situation for the disease. Urbanization’s advance over the forest modifies key variables related to Phytophthora dispersion, such as the distance from cypress trees to houses and roads, thus progressively increasing the area at risk of becoming diseased. Based on these results, plausible measures and actions are proposed.

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“…Concerning the latter, the incidence of a recently invasive pathogen in Europe, the oomycete Phytophthora austrocedri , is causing widespread mortality in J. communis native populations 75 . This pathogen is already present in Andean Patagonia 76 , 77 , so it would be interesting to evaluate its incidence in the introduced populations of the woody invader, as well as the incidence of other factors that negatively affect the species in its native range but seem not to hinder its expansion in Patagonia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common juniper, an overlooked conifer with high invasion potential in protected areas of Patagonia

Franzese

Ripa

2023

Sci Rep

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The benefits of early detection of biological invasions are widely recognized, especially for protected areas (PAs). However, research on incipient invasive plant species is scarce compared to species with a recognized history of invasion. Here, we characterized the invasion status of the non-native conifer Juniperus communis in PAs and interface areas of Andean Patagonia, Argentina. We mapped its distribution and described both the invasion and the environments this species inhabits through field studies, a literature review, and a citizen science initiative. We also modeled the species’ potential distribution by comparing the climatic characteristics of its native range with those of the introduced ranges studied. The results show that J. communis is now widely distributed in the region, occurring naturally in diverse habitats, and frequently within and close to PAs. This species can be considered an incipient invader with a high potential for expansion in its regional distribution range, largely due to its high reproductive potential and the high habitat suitability of this environment. Early detection of a plant invasion affords a valuable opportunity to inform citizens of the potential risks to high conservation value ecosystems before the invader is perceived as a natural component of the landscape.

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Two conifer species native to Patagonia threatened by Phytophthora austrocedri

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Phytophthora austrocedri in Argentina and Co-Inhabiting Phytophthoras: Roles of Anthropogenic and Abiotic Factors in Species Distribution and Diversity

Phytophthora austrocedri in Argentina and Co-Inhabiting Phytophthoras: Roles of Anthropogenic and Abiotic Factors in Species Distribution and Diversity

Anthropogenic Factors Control the Distribution of a Southern Conifer Phytophthora Disease in a Peri-Urban Area of Northern Patagonia, Argentina

Common juniper, an overlooked conifer with high invasion potential in protected areas of Patagonia

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