Turkey rhinotracheitis: preliminary investigations

McDougall, J.S.; Cook, J. K. A.

doi:10.1136/vr.118.8.206

Cited by 116 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…Several years later, a disease with similar clinical signs was reported in France (Giraud et al, 1986) and then in the UK, where the causal agent was isolated (McDougall & Cook, 1986;Wilding et al, 1986;Wyeth et al, 1986) and characterized as a pneumovirus (Cavanagh & Barrett, 1988). The deduced amino acid sequences of the APV were found to have approximately 40% amino acid identity with those of the mammalian pneumoviruses (genus Pneumovirus ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…When examined by negative staining electron microscopy and after growth in different substrates, APVs appear as highly pleomorphic, often bizarre, enveloped particles ranging from 50 nm to more than 200 nm in diameter (Giraud et al, 1986;McDougall & Cook, 1986; Baxter-Jones et al, 1987; Buys et al, 1989a;O'Loan et al, 1992). These are frequently spherical, but often appear in long filamentous form, over 1000 nm in length (Figure 2).…”

Section: Detection By Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their first successful attempts to isolate APV from chickens in South Africa, Buys et al (1989b) inoculated filtered sinus exudate from affected broilers into APV-free chickens and then were successful in isolating the virus from the nasal discharge of these inoculated chickens 4 days later. In a similar way, McDougall & Cook (1986) inoculated APV-free turkey poults with homogenized and filtered respiratory tract material collected from naturally infected turkeys that were showing clinical signs. They prepared TOC from these experimentally infected turkeys 3 days p.i., observed ciliostasis in these TOC and successfully isolated APV from them.…”

Section: Alternative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the primary isolation of APV from field material from either turkey or chicken flocks, the methods of choice are either the use of embryonated eggs inoculated via the yolk sac (Giraud et al, 1988;Buys et al, 1989a;Panigrahy et al, 2000) or chicken or turkey embryo TOC (McDougall & Cook, 1986;Wilding et al, 1986;Wyeth et al, 1986;Giraud et al, 1988). When using embryonated eggs, 6-day-old embryos are inoculated via the yolk sac, and the allantoic fluid and yolk sac membrane are harvested and homogenized for passage approximately 8 days later (Buys et al, 1989a;Panigrahy et al, 2000).…”

Section: Systems Available and Their Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and differentiation of avian pneumoviruses (metapneumoviruses)

Cook¹,

Cavanagh

2002

Avian Pathology

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The available detection methods for avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus; genus Metapneumovirus) in turkeys, domestic fowl and other species are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of virus isolation techniques, virus or genome (polymerase chain reaction) detection and serology are discussed. Some of the problems likely to be encountered are considered, including the detection of yet to be discovered subtypes, as are the factors that are likely to influence the outcome of the work.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Detection By Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Alternative Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Systems Available and Their Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and differentiation of avian pneumoviruses (metapneumoviruses)

Cook¹,

Cavanagh

2002

Avian Pathology

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“…The APVs were first reported from South Africa in the late 1970s. 3 Several years later the disease was observed in Europe where the causal agent was isolated 13,19,20 and characterized as a pneumovirus. 5,7,12 From that time the disease has been reported in most regions of the world and more recently in the United States.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Validation, and Absolute Sensitivity of a Novel Test for the Molecular Detection of Avian Pneumovirus

et al. 2004

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Abstract. This study describes attempts to increase and measure sensitivity of molecular tests to detect avian pneumovirus (APV). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic tests were designed for the detection of nucleic acid from an A-type APV genome. The objective was selection of PCR oligonucleotide combinations, which would provide the greatest test sensitivity and thereby enable optimal detection when used for later testing of field materials. Relative and absolute test sensitivities could be determined because of laboratory access to known quantities of purified full-length DNA copies of APV genome derived from the same A-type virus. Four new nested PCR tests were designed in the fusion (F) protein (2 tests), small hydrophobic (SH) protein (1 test), and nucleocapsid (N) protein (1 test) genes and compared with an established test in the attachment (G) protein gene. Known amounts of full-length APV genome were serially diluted 10-fold, and these dilutions were used as templates for the different tests. Sensitivities were found to differ between the tests, the most sensitive being the established G test, which proved able to detect 6,000 copies of the G gene. The G test contained predominantly pyrimidine residues at its 3Ј termini, and because of this, oligonucleotides for the most sensitive F test were modified to incorporate the same residue types at their 3Ј termini. This was found to increase sensitivity, so that after full 3Ј pyrimidine substitutions, the F test became able to detect 600 copies of the F gene.

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