Turbulent aerosol fluxes over the Arctic Ocean: 2. Wind‐driven sources from the sea

Nilsson, E. Douglas; Rannik, Üllar; Swietlicki, Erik; Leck, Caroline; Aalto, Pasi; Zhou, Jingchuan; Norman, Michael

doi:10.1029/2000jd900747

Cited by 186 publications

(255 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…As early as the 1950s, Woodcock (1953) reported that wind speed was the major driver for sea spray in aerosol production. Later, a series of studies demonstrated that SSA is predominately formed by the action of the wind on the ocean (O'Dowd and Smith, 1993;Nilsson et al, 2001). In the present study, the average wind speed was highest in winter over the four seasons.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Carbonaceous Aerosolsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols over the East China Sea: The impact of the East Asian continental outflow

Wang

Guo

Lin

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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Section: Concentrations Of Carbonaceous Aerosolsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols over the East China Sea: The impact of the East Asian continental outflow

Wang

Guo

Lin

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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“…For example a 23% increase in U 10 leads to a doubling of the whitecap area and sea spray emission. Nilsson et al (2001b) showed that over the central Arctic sea ice, with 10-20% open water in leads between ice floes, the local sea spray emissions were a factor 10 smaller than those over open sea. Averaged over the ice covered areas, the emissions would be a factor ∼100 smaller.…”

Section: Parameterization Of Sea Salt Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the main physical driver of sea spray emissions is the surface wind speed which creates the ocean waves. The sea salt aerosol emissions are also regulated by sea surface temperature (Nilsson et al, 2007;Mårtensson et al, 2003) and sea ice cover (Nilsson et al, 2001b). An important aspect of sea spray emissions is the sub-micrometer size range where the highest particle numbers are produced (Mårtensson et al, 2003).…”

Section: Parameterization Of Sea Salt Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sea salt aerosol is the dominant primary aerosol source open oceans and is emitted into the atmosphere via bubble bursting at the ocean surface (Nilsson et al, 2001b;Lewis and Schwartz, 2004). The flux of sea salt aerosol is dependent on the sea ice fraction (Nilsson et al, 2001b) and therefore it follows that there is the potential for a significant perturbation of the Arctic tropospheric aerosol concentration and composition due to changes in sea ice cover. Nilsson et al (2001b) suggested that this in turn would alter the radiative balance feeding back to Arctic temperatures and ultimately the sea ice cover, see Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of sea ice loss on sea salt aerosol concentrations and the radiative balance in the Arctic

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Understanding Arctic climate change requires knowledge of both the external and the local drivers of Arctic climate as well as local feedbacks within the system. An Arctic feedback mechanism relating changes in sea ice extent to an alteration of the emission of sea salt aerosol and the consequent change in radiative balance is examined. A set of idealized climate model simulations were performed to quantify the radiative effects of changes in sea salt aerosol emissions induced by prescribed changes in sea ice extent. The model was forced using sea ice concentrations consistent with present day conditions and projections of sea ice extent for 2100. Sea salt aerosol emissions increase in response to a decrease in sea ice, the model results showing an annual average increase in number emission over the polar cap (70-90 • N) of 86 × 10 6 m −2 s −1 (mass emission increase of 23 µg m −2 s −1 ). This in turn leads to an increase in the natural aerosol optical depth of approximately 23%. In response to changes in aerosol optical depth, the natural component of the aerosol direct forcing over the Arctic polar cap is estimated to be between −0.2 and −0.4 W m −2 for the summer months, which results in a negative feedback on the system. The model predicts that the change in first indirect aerosol effect (cloud albedo effect) is approximately a factor of ten greater than the change in direct aerosol forcing although this result is highly uncertain due to the crude representation of Arctic clouds and aerosol-cloud interactions in the model. This study shows that both the natural aerosol direct and first indirect effects are strongly dependent on the Correspondence to: H. Struthers (hamish.struthers@itm.su.se) surface albedo, highlighting the strong coupling between sea ice, aerosols, Arctic clouds and their radiative effects.

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“…Direct measurements of sea-spray fluxes are provided by the eddy covariance (EC) method that was first attempted by Nilsson et al (2001) in the Arctic Ocean using an ultrasonic anemometer (Sonic) and a condensation particle counter (CPC) to measure the total number flux of particles larger than 10 nm. The advantage of this method, as opposed to the whitecap method, is that all particles within the detectable size range may be measured, and hence there is no restriction for bubble-mediated production.…”

Section: Primary Marine Aerosol Source Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine aerosol production: a review of the current knowledge

O’Dowd

Leeuw

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

662

568

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The current knowledge in primary and secondary marine aerosol formation is reviewed. For primary marine aerosol source functions, recent source functions have demonstrated a significant flux of submicrometre particles down to radii of 20 nm. Moreover, the source functions derived from different techniques up to 10 mm have come within a factor of two of each other. For secondary marine aerosol formation, recent advances have identified iodine oxides and isoprene oxidation products, in addition to sulphuric acid, as contributing to formation and growth, although the exact roles remains to be determined. While a multistep process seems to be required, isoprene oxidation products are more likely to participate in growth and sulphuric acid is more likely to participate in nucleation. Iodine oxides are likely to participate in both nucleation and growth.

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Turbulent aerosol fluxes over the Arctic Ocean: 2. Wind‐driven sources from the sea

Cited by 186 publications

References 51 publications

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols over the East China Sea: The impact of the East Asian continental outflow

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols over the East China Sea: The impact of the East Asian continental outflow

The effect of sea ice loss on sea salt aerosol concentrations and the radiative balance in the Arctic

Marine aerosol production: a review of the current knowledge

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