Turbot resistance to Philasterides dicentrarchi is more dependent on humoral than on cellular immune responses

Piazzon, M. Carla; Wiegertjes, G.F.; Leiro, J.; Lamas, Jesús

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.026

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Preventive potential of DNA with CpG 1668 motif against scuticociliatosis was also demonstrated (Lee and Kim, 2009;Kang and Kim, 2012;Kang et al, 2013a). Among innate immune factors, complement has been reported as the most important factor for defense against scuticociliates infection (Leiro et al, 2008;Piazzon et al, 2011). The immunostimulatory properties of CpG motifs are classspecific (Krieg, 2002), which made it possible to select a CpG motif class appropriate for a targeted pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Preventive and therapeutic effects of auxotrophic Edwardsiella tarda mutant harboring CpG 1668 motif-enriched plasmids against scuticociliatosis in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Kang

Choi

Kim

2014

Experimental Parasitology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Preventive and therapeutic effects of auxotrophic Edwardsiella tarda mutant harboring CpG 1668 motif-enriched plasmids against scuticociliatosis in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Kang

Choi

Kim

2014

Experimental Parasitology

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“…Activation included degranulation and a respiratory burst but these activities were insufficient to kill the ciliates. However complement that was activated through the classical pathway was a potent killer of M. avidus [159,160]. These results suggested that the humoral responses were more important than cellular immune responses in defense against M. avidus [161,159].…”

Section: Host Responsesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The leukocytes increased production of superoxide radicals and of mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1b, which mediates host inflammatory responses. When in contact with or phagocytosed by M. avidus, turbot leukocytes were activated [159]. Activation included degranulation and a respiratory burst but these activities were insufficient to kill the ciliates.…”

Section: Host Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results suggest cysteine proteases have a role in the histolytic activity of the ciliates. In co-cultures with P. dicentrachi, turbot leukocytes served as nourishment, supporting ciliate growth [159], and grouper leukocytes were engulfed by the ciliates, up-regulating ciliate acid phosphatases [125]. The acid phosphatase activities might destroy leukocytes, but other mechanisms might be contributing as well.…”

Section: Pathogenic Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Capsule secretion by T. thermophila was shown to contribute to flocculation [178]. Ciliates have been grown in the laboratory on an undefined fish powder [179], fish homogenates [134,136] and on fish cells [159], so fish fragments might be expected to support ciliate cultures. These cultures could be used to investigate mechanisms by which ciliates form floc and the nature of the floc from fish tissues.…”

Section: Ciliates As Fish Passengers and Carcass Consumersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Pinheiro¹,

Bols²

2013

Springer Science Reviews

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How the ciliates of fish can be cultured and be used to study ciliate/fish interactions are reviewed. The culturing of ciliates is currently done in basal solutions based on either freshwater, seawater, or bodily fluids of vertebrates. These are supplemented either with bacteria, fish cells, or organic matter, which can be defined or more commonly undefined, with proteose peptone being a prominent example. Among pathogenic ciliates, the most difficult to culture has been Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. To contrast, Cryptocaryon irritans caused a similar disease and has been maintained successfully in co-cultures with fish cells. Pathogenic scuticociliates and tetrahymenas are more amenable to culture, and can be grown axenically. These cultures have been used to study pathogenic mechanisms and to screen drugs for their potential chemotherapeutic value. Ciliates may act directly on fish to cause disease, but may also influence fish health indirectly through their interactions with other types of fish pathogens, for example bacteria and fungi. For example, in culture Tetrahymena spp. have been shown to phagocytose pathogenic bacteria, Yersinia ruckerii, and microsporidia, Glugea hertwigi, where ciliates are not linked to disease, very different ciliate/fish interactions are possible. For some fish larvae, free-living ciliates are a source of nutrients. Large-scale cultures of both freshwater and marine ciliates have been achieved and could be a source of feed for fish larvae in aquaculture. Finally, ciliates have the potential to feed on fish carcasses and in doing so make nutrients available to the ecosystem. In the future cell cultures should be invaluable in studying these and other possible relationships between fish and ciliates.

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Delineating cellular interactions between ciliates and fish by co‐culturing Tetrahymena thermophila with fish cells

Pinheiro

Bols

2014

Cell Biology International

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Although several species of Tetrahymena are often described as histophagous and opportunistic pathogens of fish, little is known about ciliate/fish cell interactions, but one approach for studying these is in vitro with cell lines. In this study, T. thermophila, B1975 (wild type) and NP1 (temperature sensitive mutant for phagocytosis) were cultured on monolayers of 3 fish epithelial cell lines, CHSE-214, RTgill-W1, and ZEB2J, and the rabbit kidney epithelial cell line, RK-13. Generally the ciliates flourished, whereas the monolayers died, being completely consumed over several days. The destruction of monolayers required that the ciliates could make contact with the animal cells through swimming, which appeared to dislodge or loosen cells so that they could be phagocytosed. The ciliates internalized into food vacuoles ZEB2J from cell monolayers as well as from cell suspensions. Phagocytosis was essential for monolayer destruction as monolayers remained intact under conditions where phagocytosis was impeded, such as 37°C for NP1 and 4°C for B1975. Monolayers of fish cells supported the proliferation of ciliates. Thus T. thermophila can 'eat' animal cells or be histophagous in vitro, with the potential to be histophagous in vivo.

show abstract

Turbot resistance to Philasterides dicentrarchi is more dependent on humoral than on cellular immune responses

Cited by 24 publications

References 48 publications

Preventive and therapeutic effects of auxotrophic Edwardsiella tarda mutant harboring CpG 1668 motif-enriched plasmids against scuticociliatosis in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Preventive and therapeutic effects of auxotrophic Edwardsiella tarda mutant harboring CpG 1668 motif-enriched plasmids against scuticociliatosis in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Delineating cellular interactions between ciliates and fish by co‐culturing Tetrahymena thermophila with fish cells

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