Tuning the Color of Silicon Nanostructures

Cao, Linyou; Fan, Pengyu; Barnard, Edward S.; Brown, Ana M.; Brongersma, Mark L.

doi:10.1021/nl1013794

Cited by 297 publications

(298 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…1 The mechanisms of structural colors are categorized into thin-film interference, multilayer interference, diffraction-grating optical effects, and photonic crystal effects. 1 Two examples of structural color are silicon nanowires on oxide thin-film creating color specific resonant scattering 2 and the Morpho butterfly reflecting omnidirectional blue light due to a multilayer topography. 3 Artificial multilayer topographies require substantional fabrication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angle-independent structural colors of silicon

Højlund-Nielsen

Weirich²,

Nørregaard

et al. 2014

J. Nanophoton

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Abstract. Structural colors are optical phenomena of physical origin, where microscale and nanoscale structures determine the reflected spectrum of light. Artificial structural colors have been realized within recent years. However, multilayer structures require substantial fabrication. Instead we considered one-layer surface textures of silicon. We explored four patterns of square structures in a square lattice with periods of 500, 400, 300, and 200 nm. The reflectivity and daylight-colors were measured and compared with simulations based on rigorously coupledwave analysis with excellent agreement. Based on the 200-nm periodic pattern, it was found that angle-independent specular colors up to 60 deg of incidence may be provided. The underlying mechanisms include (1) the suppression of diffraction and (2) a strong coupling of light to localized surface states. The strong coupling yields absorption anomalies in the visual spectrum, causing robust colors to be defined for a large angular interval. The result is a manifestation of a uniformly defined color, similar to pigment-based colors. These mechanisms hold potential for color engineering and can be used to explain and predict the structural-color appearance of silicon-based textures for a wide range of structural parameters.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angle-independent structural colors of silicon

Højlund-Nielsen

Weirich²,

Nørregaard

et al. 2014

J. Nanophoton

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“…Al is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, behind silicon, another suitable nanophotonic display material (11). Al is low in cost and compatible with mainstream manufacturing processes in the electronics industry (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor processing, known as CMOS) (12,13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels

Olson

Manjavacas

Liu

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

279

255

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Aluminum is abundant, low in cost, compatible with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor manufacturing methods, and capable of supporting tunable plasmon resonance structures that span the entire visible spectrum. However, the use of Al for color displays has been limited by its intrinsically broad spectral features. Here we show that vivid, highly polarized, and broadly tunable color pixels can be produced from periodic patterns of oriented Al nanorods. Whereas the nanorod longitudinal plasmon resonance is largely responsible for pixel color, far-field diffractive coupling is used to narrow the plasmon linewidth, enabling monochromatic coloration and significantly enhancing the far-field scattering intensity of the individual nanorod elements. The bright coloration can be observed with p-polarized white light excitation, consistent with the use of this approach in display devices. The resulting color pixels are constructed with a simple design, are compatible with scalable fabrication methods, and provide contrast ratios exceeding 100:1.RGB | chromaticity | array | electron beam lithography D isplay technologies have been evolving toward vivid, fullcolor, flat-panel displays with high resolution and/or small pixel sizes, higher energy efficiency, and improved benefit/cost ratios. Some of the most popular current technologies are liquid crystal displays (LCD), laser phosphor displays, also known as electroluminescent displays, and light-emitting diode (LED)-based displays. A common characteristic of all color display technologies is the incorporation of various color-producing media, which can be inorganic, organic, or polymeric materials, into the device. These chromatic materials are chosen to produce the fundamental components of the color spectrum in additive color schemes such as the standard red-green-blue (sRGB) when illuminated by an internal light source or when an electrical voltage is applied.Inorganic chromatic materials have the potential to greatly extend the durability and lifetime of color displays. Inorganic nanoparticles have recently begun to be used in color displays in the form of quantum dot LEDs, which have excellent display lifetimes and industry-scalable, size-based, and material-based color tunability (1-3). However, obtaining blue colors from quantum dots has been challenging (4) owing to the requirement of synthesizing nanoparticles in the small size range required to achieve optical transitions in this wavelength range. Au nanoparticles can produce green and red colors based on their surface plasmon resonances (5), but shorter-wavelength hues are quenched because of interband transitions for wavelengths below 520 nm (6). Ag has also been investigated for display applications (7, 8), but although spectral features can be achieved across the visible region the material readily oxidizes (9, 10), requiring additional passivation layers.Al is potentially a highly attractive material for plasmon-based full-spectrum displays. Al is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, beh...

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“…As expected, the anisotropy vanishes for normally incident light. Because of the strong polarization dependence of the light scattering and absorption by nanowires, 29 the layer consisting of vertical nanowires shows large extinction anisotropy for larger angles of incident light. These measurements represent the first demonstration of anisotropic scattering and absorption in random ensembles of semiconductor nanowires.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polarization-dependent light extinction in ensembles of polydisperse vertical semiconductor nanowires: A Mie scattering effective medium

2012

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We present an experimental and theoretical study of the angle-and polarization-dependent light extinction in random arrays of polydisperse semiconductor nanowires epitaxially grown on substrates. The specular reflectance is described by averaging the scattering properties of individual nanowires obtained from Lorenz-Mie theory over the diameter distribution. The complex effective refractive index describing the propagation and attenuation of the coherent beam scattered in forward direction is determined in the independent scattering approximation and used to calculate the angle-and polarization-dependent reflectance. Our measurements demonstrate the highly anisotropic scattering in ensembles of aligned nanowires.

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Tuning the Color of Silicon Nanostructures

Cited by 297 publications

References 27 publications

Angle-independent structural colors of silicon

Angle-independent structural colors of silicon

Vivid, full-color aluminum plasmonic pixels

Polarization-dependent light extinction in ensembles of polydisperse vertical semiconductor nanowires: A Mie scattering effective medium

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