Tumor Necrosis Factor–α Levels during Two Different Canine Distalization Techniques

Abstract

Objectives:To compare levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-␣ while applying continuous and heavy interrupted forces. Materials and Methods: A hybrid retractor was used in the first group. In the second group, rapid canine distalization through periodontal distraction was performed. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the distal sides of the canine teeth before attaching the appliances and at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 1 week after the force was applied. Results: In the hybrid reactor group, concentration of TNF-␣ decreased at 1 week according to 24-hour measurements. In the rapid canine distalization group, it severely increased at 1 hour. In the evaluation of between-group differences, significantly higher values were determined in the rapid canine distalization group at 1 hour and 1 week. Conclusions: Heavy interrupted force induces a rapid release of TNF-␣, and the tissue response continues for a longer time period. To avoid the harmful effects of heavy interrupted force, there might be feedback mechanisms that prevent the mediators from increasing excessively.

Assessment of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 level in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement: a randomized split-mouth clinical trial

“…Ren et al showed that the level of IL-6 and TNFα significantly increased at 24 hours, and during the linear phase of OTM, concentration of these cytokines decreased almost to the baseline level (24). Differences between our results and those of previous studies may be attributed to different assessment time points and variability in the magnitude of mechanical loads applied, because different magnitudes of tensile load cause different responses in the PDL (25), also, variability in the level of pro-inflammatory mediators is related to the type of load applied and frequency of load activation. Although the level of mediators increases following application of both continuous and interrupted loads, greater level of inflammation is seen following the application of interrupted load (26).…”

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

“…TNF- α is a cytokine involved in bone resorption by being released from osteoblasts as well as monocytes and macrophages in acute and chronic inflammation [17] and under mechanical loading [11, 18]. In the studies, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 β and TNF- α have also been reported to increase in GCF as a result of aseptic inflammation caused by orthodontic treatment [19, 20].…”

Cytokines in crevicular fluid and orthodontic force: a systematic review

“…Among these studies, further analysis of the titles, abstracts, and fulltexts revealed that 25 were relevant for the present study. A summary of papers that were excluded is presented in Figure 1 (exhibiting the orthodontic mechanics, GCF sampling methods, and cytokine measurements) [1][2][3][4][5][6][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41].…”