Tsunami geomorphology: Erosion and deposition from the 15 November 2006 Kuril Island tsunami

MacInnes, Breanyn; Bourgeois, Joanne; Pinegina, Tatiana K.; Kravchunovskaya, Ekaterina A.

doi:10.1130/g30172a.1

Cited by 92 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The results showed that ≥0.5 cm thick sandy tsunami deposits on seaward-facing slopes commonly extend to over 90 % of the inundation distance where the inundation distance is less than 2.5 km, whereas the maximum limit of ≥0.5 cm thick sand layers on flat plains is 3 km (57-76 % of the inundation distance) for an inundation distance exceeding 2.5 km. This relationship between the maximum extent of sandy tsunami deposits and inundation distance is consistent with that of the 15 November 2006 Kuril Island tsunami reported by MacInnes et al (2009). Namegaya and Satake (2014) compared the distribution of the Jogan sandy tsunami deposit with that of the 2011 sandy tsunami deposit on the Sendai and Ishinomaki plains, and estimated that the rupture length of the 869 Jogan earthquake was at least 200 km and its minimum moment magnitude was 8.6.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 85%

Examination of the largest-possible tsunamis (Level 2) generated along the Nankai and Suruga troughs during the past 4000 years based on studies of tsunami deposits from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami

Kitamura

2016

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

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Japanese historical documents reveal that Mw 8 class earthquakes have occurred every 100-150 years along the Suruga and Nankai troughs since the 684 Hakuho earthquake. These earthquakes have commonly caused large tsunamis with wave heights of up to 10 m in the Japanese coastal area along the Suruga and Nankai troughs. From the perspective of tsunami disaster management, these tsunamis are designated as Level 1 tsunamis and are the basis for the design of coastal protection facilities. A Mw 9.0 earthquake (the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake) and a mega-tsunami with wave heights of 10-40 m struck the Pacific coast of the northeastern Japanese mainland on 11 March 2011, and far exceeded pre-disaster predictions of wave height. Based on the lessons learned from the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake, the Japanese Government predicted the tsunami heights of the largest-possible tsunami (termed a Level 2 tsunami) that could be generated in the Suruga and Nankai troughs. The difference in wave heights between Level 1 and Level 2 tsunamis exceeds 20 m in some areas, including the southern Izu Peninsula. This study reviews the distribution of prehistorical tsunami deposits and tsunami boulders during the past 4000 years, based on previous studies in the coastal area of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. The results show that a tsunami deposit dated at 3400-3300 cal BP can be traced between the Shimizu, Shizuoka and Rokken-gawa lowlands, whereas no geologic evidence related to the corresponding tsunami (the Rokken-gawa-Oya tsunami) was found on the southern Izu Peninsula. Thus, the Rokken-gawa-Oya tsunami is not classified as a Level 2 tsunami.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 85%

Examination of the largest-possible tsunamis (Level 2) generated along the Nankai and Suruga troughs during the past 4000 years based on studies of tsunami deposits from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami

Kitamura

2016

Prog. in Earth and Planet. Sci.

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“…8) have characteristics similar to those of tsunami deposits described from peat or soil sequences landward of sandy beaches (e.g., Dawson and Smith, 2000;Gelfenbaum and Jaffe, 2003;Bourgeois et al, 2006;Jankaew et al, 2008;MacInnes et al, 2009;Sawai et al, 2012;Szczuciński et al, 2012), where sheets of clean sand less than a few centimeters thick can be mapped for hundreds of meters inland. Beds D, H, I, and N rise 7-8 m along the 265 m length of the core transect; even the deepest beds of this group, found only in a few cores, extend at least 100 m (Fig.…”

Section: Drained Lake Sitementioning

confidence: 83%

Tsunami recurrence in the eastern Alaska-Aleutian arc: A Holocene stratigraphic record from Chirikof Island, Alaska

et al. 2015

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Despite the role of the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust as the source of some of the largest earthquakes and tsunamis, the history of its pre-twentieth century tsunamis is largely unknown west of the rupture zone of the great (magnitude, M 9.2) 1964 earthquake. Stratigraphy in core transects at two boggy lowland sites on Chirikof Island's southwest coast preserves tsunami deposits dating from the postglacial to the twentieth century. In a 500-m-long basin 13-15 m above sea level and 400 m from the sea, 4 of 10 sandy to silty beds in a 3-5-m-thick sequence of freshwater peat were probably deposited by tsunamis. The freshwater peat sequence beneath a gently sloping alluvial fan 2 km to the east, 5-15 m above sea level and 550 m from the sea, contains 20 sandy to silty beds deposited since 3.5 ka; at least 13 were probably deposited by tsunamis. Although most of the sandy beds have consistent thicknesses (over distances of 10-265 m), sharp lower contacts, good sorting, and/or upward fining typical of tsunami deposits, the beds contain abundant freshwater diatoms, very few brackish-water diatoms, and no marine diatoms. Apparently, tsunamis traveling inland over low dunes and boggy lowland entrained largely freshwater diatoms. Abundant fragmented diatoms, and lake species in some sandy beds not found in host peat, were probably transported by tsunamis to elevations of >10 m at the eastern site. Single-aliquot regeneration optically stimulated luminescence dating of the third youngest bed is consistent with its having been deposited by the tsunami recorded at Russian hunting outposts in 1788, and with the second youngest bed being deposited by a tsunami during an upper plate earthquake in 1880. We infer from stratigraphy, 14 C-dated peat deposition rates, and unpublished analyses of the island's history that the 1938 tsunami may locally have reached an elevation of >10 m. As this is the first record of Aleutian tsunamis extending throughout the Holocene, we cannot estimate source earthquake locations or magnitudes for most tsunami-deposited beds. We infer that no more than 3 of the 23 possible tsunamis beds at both sites were deposited following upper plate faulting or submarine landslides independent of megathrust earthquakes. If so, the Semidi segment of the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust near Chirikof Island probably sent high tsunamis southward every 180-270 yr for at least the past 3500 yr.

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“…The most likely explanation is that these sediment depocenters allow for a better preservation of tsunami deposits. It is also possible that the major tsunami influence during both run-up and backwash was focused spatially due to smallscale morphological variations both on-and offshore (Le Roux and Vargas, 2005;Umitsu et al, 2007;MacInnes et al, 2009).…”

Section: Identification Of Offshore Tsunami Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment distribution on the inner continental shelf off Khao Lak (Thailand) after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

et al. 2012

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The coastline of Khao Lak (Thailand) was heavily damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Onshore tsunami deposits and satellite images, which show large amounts of sediment transported offshore, indicate that the seafloor was impacted by tsunami run-up and backwash. In this study, high-resolution maps of sediment distribution patterns and the geological development of the seafloor are presented. These maps are based on multibeam, side-scan sonar and seismic profiling surveys offshore Khao Lak. Paleoreefs, with associated boulder fields and sandy sediment dominate the inner continental shelf. Patches of fine-grained (silt to fine sand) sediments exist in water depths of less than 15 m. The sediment distribution pattern is stable between 2008 and 2010, apart from small shifts regarding the boundaries of the fine-grained sediment patches. In one sediment core and several grab samples an event layer was documented, situated below a cover of modern sediments which is only a few cm thick. The event-layer is traced down to 18 m water depth. It consists mostly of sand and contains compounds of terrigenous origin. It is interpreted as a 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposit. However, over large areas of the study-site, the impact of the tsunami is hardly identifiable by seafloor morphology or sediment distribution.

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Tsunami geomorphology: Erosion and deposition from the 15 November 2006 Kuril Island tsunami

Cited by 92 publications

References 15 publications

Examination of the largest-possible tsunamis (Level 2) generated along the Nankai and Suruga troughs during the past 4000 years based on studies of tsunami deposits from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami

Examination of the largest-possible tsunamis (Level 2) generated along the Nankai and Suruga troughs during the past 4000 years based on studies of tsunami deposits from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami

Tsunami recurrence in the eastern Alaska-Aleutian arc: A Holocene stratigraphic record from Chirikof Island, Alaska

Sediment distribution on the inner continental shelf off Khao Lak (Thailand) after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

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