Trypanosoma teixeirae: A new species belonging to the T. cruzi clade causing trypanosomosis in an Australian little red flying fox (Pteropus scapulatus)

Abstract

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. (Hoare, 1972; Baker, 1973;Marinkelle, 1976Marinkelle, , 1979 Gardner and Molyneux, 1988a, b; Hamanaka and Pinto Ada, 1993; Steindel et al., 1998; Barnabe et al., 2003; Grisard et al., 2003; Lisboa et al., 2008; Cottontail et al., 2009;Maia da Silva et al., 2009; Cavazzana et al., 2010; Garcia et al., 2012; Hamilton et al., 2012; Lima et al., 2012;Lima et al., 2013;Marcili et al., 2013; Silva-Iturriza et al., 2013; Cottontail et al., 2014; Ramirez et al., 2014).In Australia, three Trypanosoma spp. have been described in bats to date:Trypanosoma pteropi from the black flying fox (Pteropus gouldii) (Breinl, 1913; Mackerras, 1959), Trypanosoma hipposideri from the dusky horseshoe bat (Hipposideros bicolor albanensis) and Trypanosoma vegrandis, in pteropid bats (Yangochiroptera) and microbats In the present study, we describe the morphological and genetic characterisation of the novel trypanosome in the little red flying fox (Mackie et al., 2015), for which we proposed the name Trypanosoma teixeirae sp. n. Material and Methods Sample collectionA venous blood sample was collected from the cephalic vein of an adult female little red flying fox that presented to the Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital (AZWH) in April, 2014.The flying fox had been rescued from the ground at Redcliffe in south-eastern Queensland, Australia and was moribund with anaemia and icterus. Clinical and pathological evidence of disease consistent with trypanosomosis in this flying fox was described by Mackie et al.. Morphological analysesThin blood smears were made from a drop of fresh blood and stained with Diff Quick (Siemens, Germany). After air-drying, the slides were then cover-slipped using DePeX 5 mounting medium Gurr (Merck Pty. Limited, Kilsyth, Victoria, Australia). Stained films were systematically examined using a BX50 microscope (Olympus, Japan) with screen views generated by a DP Controller (version 3.2.1.276, Olympus, Japan). Digital light micrograph images of any trypomastigotes observed were taken at x1000 magnification.Digital images of the organisms identified in the blood films were used to measure key morphological features such as total length (TL), width (W), posterior to kinetoplast (PK), kinetoplast to nucleus (KN), nucleus to anterior (NA) and free flagellum (FF), according to parameters described by Hoare (1972) and Mackerras (1959). Means and standard errors were calculated. The morphological measurements were taken using the software Image J (Abramoff et al., 2004).As two trypanosome species have previously been described in Australian bats based on morphol...

Trypanosoma rangeli is phylogenetically closer to Old World trypanosomes than to Trypanosoma cruzi

“…vespertilionis, whose ranges of host species, geographical distribution, and relationships with other species of trypanosomes remain unclear. Recent phylogenies based on SSU rRNA and gGAPDH have left uncertain the relationships of T. rangeli with T. cruzi, T. conorhini, European T. vespertilionis P14 and African trypanosomes from bats, monkeys and civets (Stevens et al, 1999(Stevens et al, , 2001Hamilton et al, 2007Hamilton et al, , 2009Lima et al, 2013Lima et al, , 2015a; Barbosa et al, 2016).…”

Bat trypanosomes from Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve in Brazilian Amazon

“…The trypanosome species that can infect bats and have been included in phylogenetic studies are T. dionisii, T. vespertilionis, Trypanosoma sp. bat (isolated in Africa), T. cruzi marinkellei (STEVENS & RAMBAUT, 2001;STEVENS & GIBSON, 1999;HAMILTON et al, 2007), T. desterrensis (GRISARD et al, 2003), T. wauwau (LIMA et al, 2015) in Brazil, T. erneyi (LIMA et al, in Africa and T. teixeirae in Austrália (BARBOSA et al, 2016).…”

“…bat (isolated in Africa) and T. cruzi marinkellei were included in phylogenetic trees (STEVENS & GIBSON, 1999;STEVENS & RAMBAUT, 2001;HAMILTON et al, 2007). Recently, T. erneyi and T. livingstonei from African bats and T. teixeirae from flying fox in Australia were described and positioned in phylogenetic trees (LIMA et al, 2012BARBOSA et al, 2016).…”

Spliced Leader (SL) RNA: análises de genes e regiões intergênicas com aportes na filogenia, taxonomia e genotipagem de <i>Trypanosoma</i> spp. de todas as classes de vertebrados.

“…Mundo, além de uma grande variedade de tripanossomas de mamíferos australianos e africanos que vem sendo descobertos e posicionados neste clado continuamente (Figura 4) (Noyes et al, 1999;Stevens et al, 2001;Hamilton et al, 2007Hamilton et al, , 2009Paparini et al, 2011;Barbosa et al, 2016a).…”

“…conorhini, um parasita cosmopolita de rato doméstico, transmitido por Triatoma rubrofasciata, e também descrito em primatas na Ásia; e outras espécies de tripanossomas de primatas, carnívoros e morcegos africanos e australianos (Hamilton et al, 2009;Barbosa et al, 2016a).…”