Tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate-basd ionic liquids as advantageous solid-phase micro-extraction coatings for the extraction of organophosphate esters in environmental waters

Abstract

a b s t r a c tIonic liquids (ILs) containing the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate [FAP] anion and various cations have great potential in sample preparation because of their excellent hydrophobicity, thermostability and low hydrolysity. In the present study, a [FAP]-based IL, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluoro phosphate ([HMIM][FAP]), was used as coatings of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for extracting organophosphate esters (OPEs) from environmental water samples. This SPME fiber was fabricated by coating a stainless steel wire substrate with [HMIM][FAP] via a simple direct dip-coating approach, and the extraction was conducted by the direct immersion solid phase microextraction. Coupling to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the developed SPME method exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards the extraction of 11 OPEs from aqueous samples. Satisfactory linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.99) of the calibration curves was obtained over the range of 0.05-50.0 ng mLwith the limits of detection (LODs, S/N = 3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N = 10) ranged from 0.13-7.40 ng L −1 and 0.50-24.0 ng L −1 , respectively. The proposed SPME method showed excellent extraction efficiency to OPEs with enrichment factors in the range of 168-2603, and acceptable reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤15% for single fiber (n = 7) and ≤16% for fiber-to-fiber (n = 3 × 3) at a concentration level of 0.5 ng mL −1 , respectively. The prepared IL-based fiber was successfully applied to determine eleven common used OPEs in tap water, influent and effluent of sewage treatment plant, with results are comparable to those determined by the reference (UPLC-MS/MS), and spiked recoveries in the range of 84.0-108%, 82.1-123% and 82.8-100%, respectively.

"Comparison of Group Contribution Methods for Ionic Liquids"

“…1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluoro-phosphate 1.557 [15] 1.573 -1.25% --1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1.236 [16] 1.217 -1.51% --Bis(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) iminodiacetate 1.075 [11] 1.080 0.45% 1.361 26.60%…”

Green Approaches to Sample Preparation Based on Extraction Techniques

“…Wine samples HPLC [285] Organophosphorus pesticides Water GC-MS [286] Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Water HPLC [287] Zinc Water and milk FAAS [288] Bisphenol A Human fluids HPLC-MS [289] Emerging contaminants Water HPLC-UV/Vis [290] Fluoroquinolones and NSAIDs Water HPLC-DAAD [291] Aromatic amines Water HPLC [292] Organophosphate esters water GC-MS [293] Emerging pollutants Water HPLC-UV [294] Pollutants Water HPLC-UV [295] Triazine herbicides Water HPLC-UV [296] Neonicotinoids Honey HPLC-DAAD [297] Organophosphorus pesticides and aromatic compounds Tap, rain and river water HPLC-UV [16] Cadmium Water ETAAS [298] HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; FAAS: flame atomic absorption spectrometry; GC-MS: gas chromatography mass spectrometry; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ETAAS: electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.…”

Advances of Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry

“…Two recent studies have used ILs as SPME sorbents for the analysis of organophosphate esters in environmental water samples. , Shi et al used the 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris­(pentafluoroethyl)­trifluorophosphate ([C 6 MIM + ]­[FAP – ]) IL coated on a modified stainless steel wire . The extraction was performed in the direct immersion (DI)-SPME mode and subsequently coupled with gas chromatography (GC)/MS for the determination of organophosphate esters.…”

“…31,32 Shi et al used the 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([C 6 MIM + ][FAP − ]) IL coated on a modified stainless steel wire. 31 The extraction was performed in the direct immersion (DI)-SPME mode and subsequently coupled with gas chromatography (GC)/MS for the determination of organophosphate esters. The ultrahydrophobicity and hydrolytic stability of the IL allowed for up to 65 − ]) IL.…”