Triangulation and Time-of-Flight Based 3d Digitisation Techniques of Cultural Heritage Structures

Abstract

Abstract. This study aims to introduce triangulation and ToF measurement techniques used in three-dimensional modelling of cultural heritages. These measurement techniques are traditional photogrammetry, SfM approach, laser scanning and time-of-flight camera. The computer based approach to photogrammetric measurement that is named SfM creates dense point cloud data in a short time. It is low-cost and very easy to application. However traditional photogrammetry needs a huge effort for creating 3D wire-frame model. On the other hand active measurement techniques such as terrestrial laser scanner and time-of-flight camera have also been used in three-dimensional modelling for more than twenty years. Each one has specific accuracy and measurement effectiveness. The large or small structures have different characters, and require proper measurement configurations. In this study, after these methods are introduced, their superior and weak properties in cultural heritage modelling to make high accuracy, high density and labour and cost effective measurement.

An Overview on Image-Based and Scanner-Based 3D Modeling Technologies

“…The calculation of this distance is accomplished by a triangulation method, or by measuring the time of flight of the pulse, or by measuring the phase difference. Laser scanners may be distinguished into four basic categories, as described in the following [ 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

Multi-Sensor Analysis for Experimental Diagnostic and Monitoring Techniques at San Bevignate Templar Church in Perugia

“…The laser scanner employed in this work is a prototypal system, called RGB-ITR, developed at the ENEA Research Centre of Frascati (Rome, Italy). This scanner belongs to the category of active methods for the digitalisation (Remondino and El-Hakim, 2006;Pavlidis et al, 2007;Aubreton, Mériaudeau and Truchetet, 2016;Altuntas, 2021) and it is able to remotely (up to 30 m) collect both colour and structural information by using three monochromatic laser sources in the visible range (red, green and blue at respectively 660 nm, 517 nm and 440 nm) overlapped in a single light beam. The incident beam is focused with a suitable lens and scanned on the surface by means of a motorised mirror system (Ceccarelli et al, 2018).…”

Fields Touched by Digitalization: Analysis of Scientific Activity in Scopus

“…The Scopus database represents the first research conducted on digitization developed by [16], which was initially oriented to the medical area and aimed to provide a procedure with which to achieve the rehabilitation of hands after the amputation of five fingers. There are numerous publications on digitalization, many of them closely related to the variables "analog conversion" [17], "image processing" [18], "digital libraries" [19], "algorithms" [20], "automation" [21], "digital storage" [22], "information management" [23], "cultural heritage" [24], "digital transformation" [25], "artificial intelligence" [26] and "digital technologies" [27], among others.…”