Trends in Breeding New Olive Varieties in Israel for Quality and Economic Management

Abstract

The domesticated olives originated based on decades of selection from the natural forest around the Mediterranean basin being one of the oldest cultivated tree crops. The requirement for new olive varieties increased markedly during the last 100 years as a result of a worldwide transformation changing from a traditional extensive to a modern intensive mechanized industry. The traditional olive cultivars still widely used are selections from the local autochthonous cultivars which are well adapted to their natural environment. However, the level of production of those is usually rather low and many of them fail to respond enough to modern intensification methods. The wild olive population is gradually diminishing in all regions thus, natural selection is not efficient enough for developing the cultivars required for the new intensive olive industry. Cross breeding between cultivars with specific characters became the basis for the required new cultivars. The genetic diversity in progenies of most olive cultivars is extremely wide and thus becomes the basic source for breeding of the needed new cultivars. However, the genetic information on olive heredity and identification of specific gene characteristics is still limited. Genomic information is required for rational choice of genitors in accordance with each breeding aim, particularly as most criteria required for the new varieties are of multi-gene nature. The availability of advanced genomic information will also serve as basis for molecular engineering when accepted for use in the olive commodity. Geographically isolated olive populations developed during generations of inbreeding in remote regions are another important genetic resource of characters required for breeding the cultivars for the new modern mechanized olive orchards. The use of molecular markers based on AFLP, SSRs, DArT and SNPs is important for the choice of genitors leading to a reduction of the progeny size required in olive breeding. Presently the newly released olive cultivars are still the result of classical breeding.

Morphological, Molecular and Genomic Characterization of Two Inter-Subspecific Hybrids between Olive Cultivars and Olive Subspecies

“…The traditional olive cultivars that are still widely used are selections from the local autochthonous cultivars, which are well adapted to their natural environment. Breeding of new cultivars are now devoted towards developing and selection of new varieties more suitable to modern olive agriculture [10]. The recurrent selection for high production in the original local region filtered potentially valuable genetic variants and associated phenotypes out of olive Horticulturae 2021, 7, 138 2 of 11 cultivars, ranging from disease and insect resistance to drought tolerance.…”

Genetic Mapping of the Incompatibility Locus in Olive and Development of a Linked Sequence-Tagged Site Marker

“…europaea), the cross breeding activities have been delayed by the particularly long generation time (Santos-Antunes et al, 2005), the extended juvenile phase, the high demanding nursery practices, such as the forcing of seedling growth (Rugini et al, 2016) and the time and space needed for plant growing (Picheny et al, 2017). In olive, breeding programs last about 30 years on average (Lavee et al, 2014;Rallo et al, 2016) and have been limited to the empirical selection of a few sporadic intraspecific crosses (Rallo et al, 2008), or to clonal selection (Manaï et al, 2007;Gomes et al, 2008;Trapero et al, 2013;Mousavi et al, 2019), while the timing for the selection of new cultivars in other fruit crops has been greatly reduced, also by the application of new efficient genomic tools (Biscarini et al, 2017;Laurens et al, 2018;Cai et al, 2019). However, the importance of olive cultivation at worldwide level and the new challenges posed by the ongoing climate change, are leading to an ever increasing demand for new cultivars (Gutierrez et al, 2009;Urban, 2015;Bosso et al, 2016).…”

Research on the Reform and Innovation of Modern Enterprise Economic Management Model based on Knowledge Economy

“…To this end, enterprises should cater to the development of the times, continue to make changes and innovations with the climate of the world economic system, build a good atmosphere for the benign development of the knowledge economy, and achieve the goal of promoting the sustainable development of China's economy. The economic management of enterprises is the basis for the development of corporate management activities [9]. Enterprise economic management must be continuously improved and innovated, guiding enterprises to be practical activities, in order to achieve effective management of enterprises.…”