Tree of motility – A proposed history of motility systems in the tree of life

Miyata, Makoto; Robinson, Robert; Uyeda, Taro Q.P.; Fukumori, Yoshihiro; Fukushima, Shun ichi; Haruta, Shin; Homma, Michio; Inaba, Kazuo; Ito, Masahiro; Kaito, Chikara; Kato, Koichiro; Kenri, Tsuyoshi; Kinosita, Yoshiaki; Kojima, Seiji; Minamino, Tetsuo; Mori, Hiroyuki; Nakamura, Shuichi; Nakane, Daisuke; Nakayama, Koji; Nishiyama, Masayoshi; Shibata, Satoshi; Shimabukuro, Katsuya; Tamakoshi, Masatada; Taoka, Azuma; Tashiro, Yosuke; Tulum, Isil; Wada, Hirofumi; Wakabayashi, K.

doi:10.1111/gtc.12737

Cited by 129 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…(F) Well studied motility mechanisms using appendages in cell-walled bacteria include the (i) flagella dependent swimming and (ii) type IV pili-based twitching motility. See Miyata et al (2020) for a detailed review on motility mechanisms in bacteria. Townsend and Archer, 1983).…”

Section: Cell Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, we discuss tools and techniques available for understanding Spiroplasma biology and strategies for future developments. Motility mechanisms in bacteria typically involve appendages such as flagella and pili ( Figure 1F; Miyata et al, 2020). Various motility mechanisms and components exist across species of Mycoplasma (Miyata, 2010;Balish, 2014;Garcıa-Morales et al, 2016;Miyata and Hamaguchi, 2016), especially well characterized in M. mobile, M. pneumoniae, and M. genitalium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring Spiroplasma Biology: Opportunities and Challenges

2020

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Spiroplasmas are cell-wall-deficient helical bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes. Their ability to maintain a helical shape in the absence of cell wall and their motility in the absence of external appendages have attracted attention from the scientific community for a long time. In this review we compare and contrast motility, shape determination and cytokinesis mechanisms of Spiroplasma with those of other Mollicutes and cellwalled bacteria. The current models for rod-shape determination and cytokinesis in cell-walled bacteria propose a prominent role for the cell wall synthesis machinery. These models also involve the cooperation of the actin-like protein MreB and FtsZ, the bacterial homolog of tubulin. However the exact role of the cytoskeletal proteins is still under much debate. Spiroplasma possess MreBs, exhibit a rod-shape dependent helical morphology, and divide by an FtsZ-dependent mechanism. Hence, spiroplasmas represent model organisms for deciphering the roles of MreBs and FtsZ in fundamental mechanisms of non-spherical shape determination and cytokinesis in bacteria, in the absence of a cell wall. Identification of components implicated in these processes and deciphering their functions would require genetic experiments. Challenges in genetic manipulations in spiroplasmas are a major bottleneck in understanding their biology. We discuss advancements in genome sequencing, gene editing technologies, superresolution microscopy and electron cryomicroscopy and tomography, which can be employed for addressing long-standing questions related to Spiroplasma biology.

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Section: Cell Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Spiroplasma Biology: Opportunities and Challenges

2020

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“…From the abovementioned results, we proposed a mechanism underlying motility acceleration. The flagellar motor is considered to have a structure consisting of a stator and a rotor that is more dynamic than previously believed [26][27][28]. Upon activation, the stator is incorporated into the flagellar motor and generates a rotational driving force to rotate.…”

Section: A Hypothesis On the Mechanism Of Motion Acceleration Of The mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Factor Produced by Kaistia sp. 32K Accelerated the Motility of Methylobacterium sp. ME121

et al. 2020

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Motile Methylobacterium sp. ME121 and non-motile Kaistia sp. 32K were isolated from the same soil sample. Interestingly, ME121 was significantly more motile in the coculture of ME121 and 32K than in the monoculture of ME121. This advanced motility of ME121 was also observed in the 32K culture supernatant. A swimming acceleration factor, which we named the K factor, was identified in the 32K culture supernatant, purified, characterized as an extracellular polysaccharide (5–10 kDa), and precipitated with 70% ethanol. These results suggest the possibility that the K factor was directly or indirectly sensed by the flagellar stator, accelerating the flagellar rotation of ME121. To the best of our knowledge, no reports describing an acceleration in motility due to coculture with two or more types of bacteria have been published. We propose a mechanism by which the increase in rotational force of the ME121 flagellar motor is caused by the introduction of the additional stator into the motor by the K factor.

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“…Motility systems of living organisms are currently classified into 18 types [1]. Even when focusing on bacteria only, the motility is diverse when bacterial species are concerned [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirochete Flagella and Motility

Nakamura

2020

Biomolecules

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Spirochetes can be distinguished from other flagellated bacteria by their long, thin, spiral (or wavy) cell bodies and endoflagella that reside within the periplasmic space, designated as periplasmic flagella (PFs). Some members of the spirochetes are pathogenic, including the causative agents of syphilis, Lyme disease, swine dysentery, and leptospirosis. Furthermore, their unique morphologies have attracted attention of structural biologists; however, the underlying physics of viscoelasticity-dependent spirochetal motility is a longstanding mystery. Elucidating the molecular basis of spirochetal invasion and interaction with hosts, resulting in the appearance of symptoms or the generation of asymptomatic reservoirs, will lead to a deeper understanding of host–pathogen relationships and the development of antimicrobials. Moreover, the mechanism of propulsion in fluids or on surfaces by the rotation of PFs within the narrow periplasmic space could be a designing base for an autonomously driving micro-robot with high efficiency. This review describes diverse morphology and motility observed among the spirochetes and further summarizes the current knowledge on their mechanisms and relations to pathogenicity, mainly from the standpoint of experimental biophysics.

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Tree of motility – A proposed history of motility systems in the tree of life

Cited by 129 publications

References 160 publications

Exploring Spiroplasma Biology: Opportunities and Challenges

Exploring Spiroplasma Biology: Opportunities and Challenges

A Factor Produced by Kaistia sp. 32K Accelerated the Motility of Methylobacterium sp. ME121

Spirochete Flagella and Motility

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