Treatment processes and analysis of rainwater quality for human use and consumption regulations, treatment systems and quality of rainwater

Morales-Figueroa, Cristina; Castillo-Suárez, Luis Antonio; Linares-Hernández, Ivonne; Martínez-Miranda, Verónica; Teutli-Sequeira, Elia Alejandra

doi:10.1007/s13762-023-04802-2

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…In the case of using rainwater to provide people and animals with access to drinking water, appropriate standards set by the World Health Organization and national sanitary institutions should be maintained. Ongoing studies on rainwater quality show that frequently, these standards are not met and the stored water requires appropriate treatment, which can significantly reduce the content of pollutants [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study

et al. 2023

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The aim of this study was to determine the quality of rainwater and the possibility of using it for various purposes in the Roztocze National Park (RNP), Poland. This study was carried out in 2021–2022. Samples of rainwater that drained from the roofs of farm buildings in the RNP were tested for their organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological qualities. The organoleptic tests were run to evaluate the water for a foreign odour and the threshold odour number. The physical and chemical tests included turbidity; colour; pH; conductivity; concentrations of ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, manganese, iron and chlorides; and general hardness. The microbiological tests included total microbial counts at 36 °C and 22 °C, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rainwater quality results were compared with the quality parameters of surface water collected from the River Świerszcz, as well as with the Polish drinking water standards. The findings indicated that rainwater collected in the RNP had good organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological properties, which, in some cases, complied with the standards for potable water. Exceedances of the permissible limits, mainly for ammonium ions and microbiological indicators, were periodically observed in the tested rainwater. This was probably due to contamination of roof surfaces with bird droppings. However, these exceedances did not exclude the use of the rainwater for economic purposes, e.g., flushing toilets, washing vehicles or watering plants, which may significantly reduce the abstraction of high-quality groundwater. The rainwater that is planned to be used as drinking water for the Polish konik horses living in the park will have to be pre-treated via filtration and disinfection processes (e.g., with a UV lamp).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study

et al. 2023

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“…In this context, it is possible to indicate that there is water stress resulting from population growth, the high demand for water currently represents a social and economic problem derived from the environment on a global, regional and local scale [7], which has caused drinking water, a vital element for human beings, to become the most exploited and underutilized, either due to a flaw in the management of water collection and distribution infrastructure, bad consumption habits [8]; and the lack of culture regarding the reuse and exploitation of the resource. Therefore, the lack of recognition of its value is the main cause of its misuse and waste [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and evaluation of proposals for rainwater harvesting systems for non-consumptive use in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador

Durán,

Córdova-González,

Zamudio

2024

MATEC Web Conf.

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Due to the current population increase, the demand for the use of natural resources is also increasing exponentially, one of them is drinking water, this resource is one of the vital elements for human beings and has become the most exploited and specifically underutilized in residential buildings. Currently, this vital element has been used in cleaning activities, irrigation of plants and other non-consumptive activities. The World Health Organization recommends that water consumption should be 100 liters/inhabitant/day to consider a sustainable society; however, in the city of Cuenca- Ecuador, consumption doubles the recommended limit. Studies show that this consumption can be reduced with the application of bioclimatic strategies, one of which is rainwater harvesting. Therefore, this research focuses on the analysis and proposal for rainwater harvesting to solve the underuse of potable water in residential buildings for non-consumptive use (laundry, garden irrigation, house cleaning and toilet flushing). Thus, for rainwater harvesting for domestic purposes, the roof surface is used, and this model is known as SCAPT. The research methodology is of an experimental type in that collection strategies and systems are proposed, analyzed, and evaluated. With these rainwater harvesting systems, more than 55 litres/inhab/day can be incorporated into the dwelling, thus contributing to the reduction and control of drinking water in residential buildings.

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“…However, affected by unstable water quality and quantity and the high instantaneous flow rate of viaduct rainwater, these devices often encounter a problem of long-term operation stability, resulting in poor purification efficiency [5]. In order to achieve efficient purification, multi-stage treatment structures are often adopted, but they encounter issues of occupying a large area, high construction cost, difficult operation, and high maintenance cost, which greatly limit the application of these devices in viaduct rainwater treatment [11][12][13]. Bioaugmentation is a highly efficient biotechnology using the addition of bacterial cultures required to speed up the rate of contaminant degradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of a Carbon-Fixing Bacteria Strain and Its Efficiency for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Viaduct Rainwater

Qing-jun

Deng

et al. 2023

Water

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In order to explore bacteria resources that are applicable for purification of viaduct rainwater, a carbon-fixing bacteria strain numbered 1C-1 was isolated from the sediment of a viaduct rainwater tank. The strain was identified through morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences. The effects of three main factors (the simulated viaduct rainwater concentration, the carbon source dosage, and the inoculation amount) on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal rate of the strain were tested using simulated viaduct rainwater. Based on this, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies for the actual viaduct rainwater were verified. The results showed that the strain belonged to Streptomyces sp. Under different simulated viaduct rainwater concentrations, the strain exhibited relatively high efficiency for nitrogen and phosphorus removal at the original concentration of simulated viaduct rainwater; other conditions remaining unchanged, the purification efficiency was relatively high when the glucose dosage was 800 mg, and the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were 71.48%, 47.86%, and 10.43%, respectively; other conditions remaining unchanged, the purification efficiency was relatively high when the inoculation amount was 1%, and the removal rates of NH4+-N, TN, and TP reached 58.62%, 58.35%, and 27.32%, respectively. Under the above optimal process conditions of an original concentration of viaduct rainwater, a carbon source dosage of 800 mg, and an inoculation amount of 1%, the strain removed 92.62%, 6.98%, and 6.16% of NH4+-N, TN, and TP, respectively from the actual viaduct rainwater; more interestingly, the removal rates of NH4+-N and TN were 43.26% and 78.02%, respectively, even without carbon source addition. It seems that there is no need for carbon source addition to remove nitrogen from the actual viaduct rainwater for the strain. To sum up, the carbon-fixing bacteria 1C-1 presents an obvious nitrogen and phosphorus removal effect (especially for nitrogen) for viaduct rainwater treatment and has application potential.

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Treatment processes and analysis of rainwater quality for human use and consumption regulations, treatment systems and quality of rainwater

Cited by 7 publications

References 130 publications

Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study

Assessment of Rainwater Quality Regarding its Use in The Roztocze National Park (Poland)—Case Study

Analysis and evaluation of proposals for rainwater harvesting systems for non-consumptive use in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador

Isolation and Identification of a Carbon-Fixing Bacteria Strain and Its Efficiency for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Viaduct Rainwater

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