Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with oral bovine transfer factor

Louie, Eddie; Borkowsky, William; Klesius, Phillip H.; Haynes, T.B.; Gordon, Shanisha; Bonk, Stanley; Lawrence, H. Sherwood

doi:10.1016/0090-1229(87)90077-8

Cited by 46 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Early studies have shown that the specific ODC inhibitor DL-␣-difluoromethylornithine not only failed to cure cryptosporidiosis in patients but induced increased diarrhea and parasite shedding (28). Blockade of spermidine synthesis by inhibition of ODC results in elevation of the retroconversion pathway, in particular SSAT-1, which provides a source of spermidine (29,30); the lack of parasite ODC and acquisition of host cell N-acetylspermine explain in part these earlier observations with DL-␣-difluoromethylornithine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Cryptosporidium parvum Induces an Endoplasmic Stress Response in the Intestinal Adenocarcinoma HCT-8 Cell Line

Morada

Pendyala

et al. 2013

Journal of Biological Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Invasion of host cells by Cryptosporidium parvum results in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Results: Host cell calreticulin, GRP78/BiP, Nrf2, and spermidine/spermine N 1 -acetyltransferase increase, whereas poly(ADPribose) polymerase decreases. Conclusion: C. parvum causes an ER stress response culminating in the synthesis of N 1 -acetylspermine by infected cells. Significance: Host ER stress provides a source of polyamines for C. parvum, which lacks ornithine decarboxylase.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Cryptosporidium parvum Induces an Endoplasmic Stress Response in the Intestinal Adenocarcinoma HCT-8 Cell Line

Morada

Pendyala

et al. 2013

Journal of Biological Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…DLE has demonstrated to be effective in those diseases in which Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) plays a relevant role in protection against and control of the disease, such as viral infections ((herpes zoster [17], hepatitis B [18], intracellular bacterial diseases like tuberculosis [19] and leprosy [20], parasite infections, such as leishmaniasis [21] or cryptosporidiosis [22], and fungal infections (mucous-cutaneous candidiasis [23]), as well as in primary immunodeficiencies (Wiskott Aldrich syndrome [24], Behçet's syndrome [25]), bronchial asthma [26], otitis media [27], uveitis [28]) and some types of cancer [29,30]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral mode of action of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundBovine dialyzable leukocyte extract (bDLE) is derived from immune leukocytes obtained from bovine spleen. DLE has demonstrated to reduce transcription of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and inactivate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Therefore, we decided to clarify the mode of antiviral action of bDLE on the inhibition of HIV-1 infection through a panel of antiviral assays.ResultsThe cytotoxicity, HIV-1 inhibition activity, residual infectivity of bDLE in HIV-1, time of addition experiments, fusion inhibition of bDLE for fusogenic cells and the duration of cell protection even after the removal of bDLE were all assessed in order to discover more about the mode of the antiviral action.HIV-1 infectivity was inhibited by bDLE at doses that were not cytotoxic for HeLa-CD4-LTR-β-gal cells. Pretreatment of HIV-1 with bDLE did not decrease the infectivity of these viral particles. Cell-based fusion assays helped to determine if bDLE could inhibit fusion of Env cells against CD4 cells by membrane fusion and this cell-based fusion was inhibited only when CD4 cells were treated with bDLE. Infection was inhibited in 80% compared with the positive (without EDL) at all viral life cycle stages in the time of addition experiments when bDLE was added at different time points. Finally, a cell-protection assay against HIV-1 infection by bDLE was performed after treating host cells with bDLE for 30 minutes and then removing them from treatment. From 0 to 7 hours after the bDLE was completely removed from the extracellular compartment, HIV-1 was then added to the host cells. The bDLE was found to protect the cells from HIV-1 infection, an effect that was retained for several hours.ConclusionsbDLE acted as an antiviral compound and prevented host cell infection by HIV-1 at all viral life cycle stages. These cell protection effects lingered for hours after the bDLE was removed. Interestingly, bDLE inhibited fusion of fusogenic cells by acting only on CD4 cells. bDLE had no virucidal effect, but could retain its antiviral effect on target cells after it was removed from the extracellular compartment, protecting the cells from infection for hours.bDLE, which has no reported side effects or toxicity in clinical trials, should therefore be further studied to determine its potential use as a therapeutic agent in HIV-1 infection therapy, in combination with known antiretrovirals.

show abstract

“…AIDS patients deficient in Thelper cells readily develop a prolonged, lifethreatening, cholera-like infection following exposure to C. parvum oocysts, whereas im munocompetent persons with intact T lym phocyte function usually clear an infection within 2 weeks of exposure [1][2][3][4], Immunomodulation with an undefined, dialyzable extract from bovine leukocytes, often re ferred to as transfer factor therapy, has been reported to restore cell-mediated immunity in mice [50] and humans [51], More recent ly, such therapy has been reported to be an effective treatment of cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients. In one small study, 5 of 8 patients with AIDS and prolonged crypto sporidiosis exhibited a marked decrease in the number of daily bowel movements and developed formed stools following oral ad ministration of a dialyzable extract prepared from lymph node cells obtained from calves immune to C. parvum infection [52], Oocyst shedding was eradicated from the stools of 4 patients: 2 of the 4 remained parasite-free following therapy and the other 2 had subse quent relapses after the termination of thera py. Additional studies are needed to confirm the findings reported for a small number of AIDS patients and to determine the feasibil ity and utility of transfer factor therapy in the treatment of immunocompromised hosts with persistent cryptosporidiosis.…”

Section: Cell-mediated Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%