Transovarial Transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium palpale (Acari: Trombiculidae)

Shin, Eun Hee; Roh, Jong Yul; Park, Won Il; Song, Bong Gu; Chang, Kyu‐Sik; Lee, Wook-Gyo; Lee, Hee Il; Park, Chan; Park, Mi-Yeoun; Shin, E-Hyun

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088453

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…tsutsugamushi continue to produce both male and female offspring indicating that O . tsutsugamushi infection does not always lead to feminization [24]. The discovery of the novel species of Amoebophilaceae and its close association with O .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orientia tsutsugamushi -infected and uninfected Leptotrombidium imphalum larvae, deutonymphs, adult males and females, and eggs of Sinella curviseta (Collembola: Entomobryidae) used as a food source for the mites [23, 24, 31] were obtained from laboratory colonies maintained by the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand. Colonies of O .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the prevalence and transovarial transmission of O . tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium species has been previously investigated [20–24], the structure of the microbiome and bacterial community dynamics both with and without O . tsutsugamushi co-infection in mite vectors of scrub typhus has not been previously studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial microbiome of the chigger mite Leptotrombidium imphalum varies by life stage and infection with the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi

et al. 2018

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Scrub typhus is a mites-borne rickettsiosis caused by the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. The disease is potentially life threatening and is prevalent in tropical Asia, islands of the western Pacific Ocean and northern Australia where an estimated one million cases occur annually. Orientia tsutsugamushi is transmitted by the bite of larval mites in the genus Leptotrombidium. In the present study, the composition of the microbiome in larvae, deutonymphs and adult males and females from laboratory colonies of L. imphalum that were infected as well as uninfected with O. tsutsugamushi were investigated by high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Notably, the bacterial microbiomes of infected adult females were dominated by sequences of O. tsutsugamushi and an unidentified species of Amoebophilaceae, which together comprised 98.2% of bacterial sequences. To improve the taxonomic resolution of the Amoebophilaceae OTU a nearly full length sequence of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, cloned, and Sanger sequenced. Infected female mites had 89 to 92% nucleotide identity with the Amoebophilaceae family, indicating that the bacterium was likely to be a species of a novel genus. The species composition of bacterial communities varied between mite life stages regardless of their infection status. Uninfected adults exhibited greater species diversity than adults infected with O. tsutsugamushi. In the infected colony, the rate of filial infection with Orientia was less than 100%. Larval and male mites that were PCR-negative for Orientia contained low numbers of sequences of Amoebophilaceae (0.01 and 0.06%, respectively) in their taxonomic profiles, suggesting that a mutualistic relationship exists between the novel species of Amoebophilaceae and O. tsutsugamushi. Our study findings provide the basis for further research to determine the influence of the novel Amoebophilaceae species on the bacterial microbiome and on vector susceptibility to and transovarial transmission of O. tsutsugamushi.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial microbiome of the chigger mite Leptotrombidium imphalum varies by life stage and infection with the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi

et al. 2018

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“…For example, the protein-coding genes: ftsZ, groEL, wsp and citrate synthase (gltA) were used in Wolbachia studies (Hong et al 2002;Gotoh et al 2005;Yu et al 2011;Lu et al 2012;Ros et al 2012;Suh et al 2014;Glowska et al 2015;Zhang et al 2015); outer membrane protein B gene, 17 kD antigenic gene and gltA were used for Rickettsia spp. (Literak et al 2008); the epank1 gene was used for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Literak et al 2008); and the 56-kD type-specific antigen gene was used extensively for O. tsutsugamushi (Tamura et al 2000;Pham et al 2001;Khuntirat et al 2003;Lee et al 2011;Liu et al 2013;Seto et al 2013;Shin et al 2014;Takhampunya et al 2014). (Kabeya et al 2010;Kamani et al 2013); gyrB was used for Cardinium (Ros et al 2012;Zhu et al 2012); the 5S-23S ITS was used for Borrelia spp.…”

Section: Methodological Approaches To the Identification Of Bacteria mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiosis in an overlooked microcosm: a systematic review of the bacterial flora of mites

et al. 2015

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A dataset of bacterial diversity found in mites was compiled from 193 publications (from 1964 to January 2015). A total of 143 mite species belonging to the 3 orders (Mesostigmata, Sarcoptiformes and Trombidiformes) were recorded and found to be associated with approximately 150 bacteria species (in 85 genera, 51 families, 25 orders and 7 phyla). From the literature, the intracellular symbiont Cardinium, the scrub typhus agent Orientia, and Wolbachia (the most prevalent symbiont of arthropods) were the dominant mite-associated bacteria, with approximately 30 mite species infected each. Moreover, a number of bacteria of medical and veterinary importance were also reported from mites, including species from the genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Francisella, Coxiella, Borrelia, Salmonella, Erysipelothrix and Serratia. Significant differences in bacterial infection patterns among mite taxa were identified. These data will not only be useful for raising awareness of the potential for mites to transmit disease, but also enable a deeper understanding of the relationship of symbionts with their arthropod hosts, and may facilitate the development of intervention tools for disease vector control. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mite-associated bacteria and is a valuable reference database for future research on mites of agricultural, veterinary and/or medical importance.

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“…With the exception of R. prowazekii, which can spread directly between infected individuals via the body louse, most Rickettsiaceae are maintained through a range of animal reservoirs (Eremeeva and Dasch, 2015). Some Rickettsiaceae, such as O. tsutsugamushi, are also able to be transmitted transovarially to vector offspring, bypassing the absolute requirement for an intermediate animal reservoir (Shin et al, 2014;Takhampunya et al, 2016). Rickettsiaceae use a zipper-like mechanism for uptake into the target cell (Ihn et al, 2000;Lee et al, 2008;Cho et al, 2010a).…”

Section: Rickettsialesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peptidoglycan in obligate intracellular bacteria

Otten

Brilli

Vollmer

et al. 2017

Molecular Microbiology

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SummaryPeptidoglycan is the predominant stress‐bearing structure in the cell envelope of most bacteria, and also a potent stimulator of the eukaryotic immune system. Obligate intracellular bacteria replicate exclusively within the interior of living cells, an osmotically protected niche. Under these conditions peptidoglycan is not necessarily needed to maintain the integrity of the bacterial cell. Moreover, the presence of peptidoglycan puts bacteria at risk of detection and destruction by host peptidoglycan recognition factors and downstream effectors. This has resulted in a selective pressure and opportunity to reduce the levels of peptidoglycan. In this review we have analysed the occurrence of genes involved in peptidoglycan metabolism across the major obligate intracellular bacterial species. From this comparative analysis, we have identified a group of predicted ‘peptidoglycan‐intermediate’ organisms that includes the Chlamydiae, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Wolbachia and Anaplasma marginale. This grouping is likely to reflect biological differences in their infection cycle compared with peptidoglycan‐negative obligate intracellular bacteria such as Ehrlichia and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, as well as obligate intracellular bacteria with classical peptidoglycan such as Coxiella, Buchnera and members of the Rickettsia genus. The signature gene set of the peptidoglycan‐intermediate group reveals insights into minimal enzymatic requirements for building a peptidoglycan‐like sacculus and/or division septum.

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Transovarial Transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium palpale (Acari: Trombiculidae)

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Bacterial microbiome of the chigger mite Leptotrombidium imphalum varies by life stage and infection with the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi

Bacterial microbiome of the chigger mite Leptotrombidium imphalum varies by life stage and infection with the scrub typhus pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi

Symbiosis in an overlooked microcosm: a systematic review of the bacterial flora of mites

Peptidoglycan in obligate intracellular bacteria

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