Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event

Miller, Shelly L.; Nazaroff, William W.; Jimenez, José L.; Boerstra, Atze; Buonanno, Giorgio; Dancer, S.J.; Kurnitski, Jarek; Marr, Linsey C.; Morawska, Lidia; Noakes, Catherine

doi:10.1111/ina.12751

Cited by 619 publications

(843 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The epidemiological data of this analysis showed that 10 subjects seated in three neighboring tables were infected, although the video record showed no close contact or fomite contact. Another analysis 4 of a superspreading event of COVID‐19 in a choral rehearsal confirms the likability of this airborne transmission mode. In this event, 53 members out of 61 confirmed or strongly suspected to have contracted COVID‐19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

A review on the applied techniques of exhaled airflow and droplets characterization

et al. 2020

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In the last two decades, multidisciplinary research teams worked on developing a comprehensive understanding of the transmission mechanisms of airborne diseases. This article reviews the experimental studies on the characterization of the exhaled airflow and the droplets, comparing the measured parameters, the advantages, and the limitations of each technique. To characterize the airflow field, the global flow field techniques ‐High‐speed photography, schlieren photography and PIV‐ are applied to visualize the shape and propagation of the exhaled airflow and its interaction with the ambient air, while the pointwise measurements provide quantitative measurements of the velocity, flow rate, humidity and temperature at a single point in the flow field. For the exhaled droplets, intrusive techniques are used to characterize the size distribution and concentration of the droplets' dry residues while non‐intrusive techniques can measure the droplet size and velocity at different locations in the flow field. The evolution of droplets' size and velocity away from the source has not yet been thoroughly experimentally investigated. Besides, there is a lack of information about the temperature and humidity fields composed by the interaction of the exhaled airflow and the ambient air.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

A review on the applied techniques of exhaled airflow and droplets characterization

et al. 2020

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“…However, "despite consistent evidence as to SARS-CoV-2 contamination of surfaces and the survival of the virus on certain surfaces, there are no specific reports which have directly demonstrated fomite transmission" (World Health Organization, 2020). This contrasts with the airborne transmission, documented as the only possible route in many superspreading events (Miller et al, 2020;Shen et al, 2020).…”

Section: How Is Sars-cov-2 Transmitted?mentioning

confidence: 88%

Teaching and classroom communication with children in the COVID-19 pandemic

Tapia¹,

Alda²,

Jeong³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Prioritizing communication with children about the disease is an essential component in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Talking to children at school about the pandemic enables them to understand what is happening. This improves their motivation to cooperate and their adherence to protective behaviors and helps them feel less frightened and distressed. Therefore, it is urgent to develop evidence-based but child-focused communication guidelines. In the absence of this resource to support teachers, this contribution address three main points: i) how to communicate pandemic aspects to their students; ii) how to integrate knowledge about COVID-19 and other aspects of this pandemic in science curricula; iii) how this knowledge is useful to protect themselves and their students. To improve communication, teachers must be aware of children’s and adolescents’ cognitive, emotional, and psychological development. According to this development, simplifying language and concepts ensures that communication provides comprehension of illness and its causality. This contribution allows teachers to frame COVID-19-related content into each curriculum level, tackling misconceptions and providing reliable information. The fight against COVID-19 exemplifies dynamic aspects of science and engineering in the real world, an opportunity to strengthen the interactions between different disciplines in science lessons. Embedding the basic science of COVID-19 into curricula will allow students to understand how to protect themselves and others. The connection of course materials to students’ lives will increase student motivation and learning. Education can empower children to advocate for their participation in the containment of the pandemic.

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“…The main mode of transmission during the SSE is considered to be inhalation of droplet aerosols. The important factors established were closed rooms with ventilation running, long hours of being together in a single room and the presence of a single person spreading substantial amounts of virus [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol Release by Healthy People during Speaking: Possible Contribution to the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Eiche¹,

Küster

2020

IJERPH

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Our research aimed to review the potential risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2. We used an excerpt of a data set generated in May 2020 for reviewing the SARS-CoV-2 prevention concept of orchestras, singers and actors. People were sampled for droplet release for one-hour activities using a Grimm spectrometer covering a spectrum of 1 to 32 µm diameter. We estimated the number of “quanta” in the exhaled liquid from viral concentrations of 106 to 1011/mL, based on the Human Infective Dose 50 of 218 viral particles. We employed the Wells–Riley equation to estimate the risk of infection in typical meeting rooms for a one-hour meeting of 2, 4 and 6 people observing a 2 m distance. The four participating adults released a mean of 1.28 nLm3 while breathing, 1.68 nL/m3 while speaking normally, and two adults released a mean of 4.44 nL/m3 while talking with a raised voice. The combination of 50% breathing, 45% talking normally and 5% speaking with a raised voice increased the risk of infection above 5% for a one-hour meeting of two people. The result is based on 6 quanta released, corresponding to an initial virus concentration of 1000/nL (109/mL) in the fluid of the upper respiratory tract. Our data confirm the importance of using facemasks in combination with other measures to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the workplace.

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Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event

Cited by 619 publications

References 74 publications

A review on the applied techniques of exhaled airflow and droplets characterization

A review on the applied techniques of exhaled airflow and droplets characterization

Teaching and classroom communication with children in the COVID-19 pandemic

Aerosol Release by Healthy People during Speaking: Possible Contribution to the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

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