Transmission of canine influenza virus (H3N8) among susceptible dogs

Jirjis, Faris F.; Deshpande, Muralidhar; Tubbs, Anna; Jayappa, Huchappa; Lakshmanan, N.; Wasmoen, Terri

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.029

Cited by 35 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Though several risk factors identified here have been reported elsewhere,6, 24 other variables not included in our analyses are likely contributors to CIV infection dynamics within shelters. The low R 2 values and model selection uncertainty in Analyses 2 and 4 (no single model carried a weight >0.53) suggest that some other factors are likely in play.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Epidemiology and Ecology of H3N8 Canine Influenza Viruses in US Shelter Dogs

Pecoraro

Bennett

Huyvaert

et al. 2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundH3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) infection might contribute to increased duration of shelter stay for dogs. Greater understanding of factors contributing to CIV within shelters could help veterinarians identify control measures for CIV.ObjectivesTo assess community to shelter dog CIV transmission, estimate true prevalence of CIV, and determine risk factors associated with CIV in humane shelters.Animals5,160 dogs upon intake or discharge from 6 US humane shelters, December 2009 through January 2012.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was performed with prospective convenience sampling of 40 dogs from each shelter monthly. Nasal swabs and serum samples were collected. Hemagglutination inhibition and real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction assays were performed for each nasal and serum sample. True prevalence was estimated by stochastic latent class analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with CIV shedding and seropositivity.ResultsNasal swabs were positive from 4.4% of New York (NY), 4.7% of Colorado (CO), 3.2% of South Carolina, 1.2% of Florida, and 0% of California and Texas shelter dogs sampled. Seropositivity was the highest in the CO shelter dogs at 10%, and NY at 8.5%. Other shelters had 0% seropositivity. Information‐theoretic analyses suggested that CIV shedding was associated with region, month, and year (model weight = 0.95) and comingling/cohousing (model weight = 0.92).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCommunity dogs are a likely source of CIV introduction into humane shelters and once CIV has become established, dog‐to‐dog transmission maintains the virus within a shelter.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Epidemiology and Ecology of H3N8 Canine Influenza Viruses in US Shelter Dogs

Pecoraro

Bennett

Huyvaert

et al. 2014

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…CIV was first identified in Florida in 2004, when it caused an outbreak in greyhounds in a training facility, and it was soon recognized to be closely related to EIV (3). Infected greyhounds carried the virus to different regions of the United States, and many other breeds of dogs have since been infected (24,27,28). CIV has continued to circulate in some regions of the United States, and for the past several years it appears to have been primarily maintained in several hot spots where there are high-density and high-turnover dog populations, including animal shelters in New York, NY, Philadelphia, PA, Colorado Springs, CO, and Denver, CO (26,28,29).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine and Canine Influenza H3N8 Viruses Show Minimal Biological Differences Despite Phylogenetic Divergence

Feng

Gonzalez

Deng

et al. 2015

J Virol

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The A/H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged from A/H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) around the year 2000 through the transfer of a single virus from horses to dogs. We defined and compared the biological properties of EIV and CIV by examining their genetic variation, infection, and growth in different cell cultures, receptor specificity, hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage, and infection and growth in horse and dog tracheal explant cultures. Comparison of sequences of viruses from horses and dogs revealed mutations that may be linked to host adaptation and tropism. We prepared infectious clones of representative EIV and CIV strains that were similar to the consensus sequences of viruses from each host. The rescued viruses, including HA and neuraminidase (NA) double reassortants, exhibited similar degrees of long-term growth in MDCK cells. Different host cells showed various levels of susceptibility to infection, but no differences in infectivity were seen when comparing viruses. All viruses preferred ␣2-3-over ␣2-6-linked sialic acids for infections, and glycan microarray analysis showed that EIV and CIV HA-Fc fusion proteins bound only to ␣2-3-linked sialic acids. Cleavage assays showed that EIV and CIV HA proteins required trypsin for efficient cleavage, and no differences in cleavage efficiency were seen. Inoculation of the viruses into tracheal explants revealed similar levels of infection and replication by each virus in dog trachea, although EIV was more infectious in horse trachea than CIV. IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses can cross species barriers and cause severe disease in their new hosts. Infections with highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus and, more recently, avian H7N9 virus have resulted in high rates of lethality in humans. Unfortunately, our current understanding of how influenza viruses jump species barriers is limited. Our aim was to provide an overview and biological characterization of H3N8 equine and canine influenza viruses using various experimental approaches, since the canine virus emerged from horses approximately 15 years ago. We showed that although there were numerous genetic differences between the equine and canine viruses, this variation did not result in dramatic biological differences between the viruses from the two hosts, and the viruses appeared phenotypically equivalent in most assays we conducted. These findings suggest that the crossspecies transmission and adaptation of influenza viruses may be mediated by subtle changes in virus biology. Influenza A viruses are maintained in aquatic birds as intestinal infections, occasionally transfer to and become established as respiratory infections in mammals, including humans, and sometimes spread from one mammal to another (1, 2). Mammalian hosts that have been commonly seen to maintain avian-derived viruses include swine, horses, humans, mink, seals, and, recently, dogs (2-5). Host transfers between different birds, from birds to mammals, or between different mammalian hosts are relatively common but mostly result in single infe...

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“…It might be that amino acid substitutions in haemagglutinin of H3N8 influenza outbreak in Florida increase virulence. Intraspecies transmission by experimental infection has been reported (Jirjis et al, 2010). All the CIV H3N8 infected dogs showed respiratory abnormalities while 75% of uninfected dogs commingled with the infected dogs showed respiratory abnormalities.…”

Section: Equine-origin Canine Influenza Virus H3n8mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In decreasing order, IAV subtypes H3N2, H3N8, H5N2, H3N1, H1N1 and H5N1 may be transmitted in dog population when infected dog is comingled with uninfected ones in animal shelter, dog shows etc (Song et al, 2009;Lin et al, 2012;Jirjis et al, 2010;Qian-qian et al, 2012). Under the same condition, IAV Subtype H3N2 and H9N2 rapidly spread in cat population (Giese et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%