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Cited by 91 publications
(63 citation statements)
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“…Hydrothermal heavy oil upgrading has shown important improvements compared to thermal upgrading methods as higher yields to lighter liquid product fractions are obtained at the expense of a reduction in the amount of coke produced [9,10]. Moreover, high degree of metal [11,12] and heteroatom removal [13,14] were achieved in hydrothermal heavy oil upgrading processes. It was suggested that in traditional upgrading processes, coke formation proceeds through the propagation reactions of radicals beginning at an active site on the catalyst and the reactor walls [15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hydrothermal heavy oil upgrading has shown important improvements compared to thermal upgrading methods as higher yields to lighter liquid product fractions are obtained at the expense of a reduction in the amount of coke produced [9,10]. Moreover, high degree of metal [11,12] and heteroatom removal [13,14] were achieved in hydrothermal heavy oil upgrading processes. It was suggested that in traditional upgrading processes, coke formation proceeds through the propagation reactions of radicals beginning at an active site on the catalyst and the reactor walls [15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In recent years, the ubiquitous solvent properties and potential abilities to donate hydrogen of SCW have aroused great interest in the scientific community (Yan et al, 2009). Some researchers believe that SCW could not only serve as the solvent but also provide the activehydrogen for capping of reactive fragments to form more light components and less coke in upgrading heavy oil (Cheng et al, 2009;Kozhevnikov et al, 2010;Morimoto et al, 2010;Sato et al, 2003;Watanabe et al, 2010;Zhao et al, 2006). It is also reported that C-O bonds in ethers and esters, C-S bonds in aliphatic chain and metal elements incorporated in asphaltene are easily broken in SCW (Mandal et al, 2011(Mandal et al, , 2012bSavage, 1999).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Unfortunately, upgrading asphaltene in SCW has not garnered attention until recently. Kozhevnikov et al (2010) reported that the formation of gas and maltene was mainly through the dealkylation of aromatic substituents and aromatization for the cracking of asphaltene in SCW. Morimoto et al (2012) discussed the influence of temperature and pressure on the extraction of asphaltene with SCW.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some researchers [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] believe that SCW could not only serve as the solvent but also provide the hydrogen for capping reactive fragments to form more light components and less coke in upgrading heavy oil. It is well known that C O bonds in ethers and esters, C S bonds in aliphatic chains and metal elements incorporated in asphaltene are easily broken in SCW [21][22][23][24].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Unfortunately, upgrading the asphaltene in SCW has not garnered attention until recently. Kozhevnikov et al [20] reported that the asphaltene crack in SCW mainly included dealkylation of aromatic substituents and aromatization, which led to the formation of gas and maltene. Morimoto et al [1] discussed the influence of temperature and pressure on the extraction of asphaltene with SCW.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%