Transfer rates of dissolved tracers through estuaries based on 228Ra: A study of Long Island Sound

Radium Mass Balance Sensitivity Analysis for Submarine Groundwater Discharge Estimation in Semi-Enclosed Basins: The Case Study of Long Island Sound

“…Are the incubations used to quantify diffusion and bioirrigation from sediments accurate? 228 Ra fluxes for muddy LIS sediments, determined from the deficit of solidphase 228 Ra relative to its parent 232 Th (Cochran, 1979;Turekian et al, 1996), are in general agreement with 228 Ra fluxes determined from sediment chamber incubations (33-82 dpm m −2 d −1 vs 12-207 dpm m −2 d −1 ). The solid-phase 228 Ra: 232 Th approach integrates over the half-life of 228 Ra, therein representing a mean-annual 228 Ra flux; therefore, these estimates seem reasonable at the seasonal time-scale considered here.…”

“…Connecticut fresh groundwaters, sampled from inland wells, had 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratios between 0.2-1.4 (Krishnaswami et al, 1982;Copenhaver et al, 1993). This is in marked contrast to the 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratio of the Connecticut River (∼3; Dion, 1983) and East River (3.8-4.1; Turekian et al, 1996). 228 Ra and 226 Ra activities of surface and bottom water samples, and activity ratios of possible sources, are presented in Figure 3.…”

Radium Mass Balance Sensitivity Analysis for Submarine Groundwater Discharge Estimation in Semi-Enclosed Basins: The Case Study of Long Island Sound

“…Are the incubations used to quantify diffusion and bioirrigation from sediments accurate? 228 Ra fluxes for muddy LIS sediments, determined from the deficit of solidphase 228 Ra relative to its parent 232 Th (Cochran, 1979;Turekian et al, 1996), are in general agreement with 228 Ra fluxes determined from sediment chamber incubations (33-82 dpm m −2 d −1 vs 12-207 dpm m −2 d −1 ). The solid-phase 228 Ra: 232 Th approach integrates over the half-life of 228 Ra, therein representing a mean-annual 228 Ra flux; therefore, these estimates seem reasonable at the seasonal time-scale considered here.…”

“…Connecticut fresh groundwaters, sampled from inland wells, had 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratios between 0.2-1.4 (Krishnaswami et al, 1982;Copenhaver et al, 1993). This is in marked contrast to the 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratio of the Connecticut River (∼3; Dion, 1983) and East River (3.8-4.1; Turekian et al, 1996). 228 Ra and 226 Ra activities of surface and bottom water samples, and activity ratios of possible sources, are presented in Figure 3.…”

The behavior of natural and anthropogenic osmium in the Hudson River–Long Island Sound estuarine system

“…The East River supplies between 0.4 · 10 14 L yr À1 and 1.1 · 10 14 L yr À1 of water to the LIS (Turekian et al, 1996), which suggests that there is a net transport of about 0.4-1 mole of anthropogenic Os per year from the East River into LIS. This figure is in line with the rate of use estimated by hospitals in the New York City area (personal communication from Dr. Michael Kashgarian, Yale Medical School).…”

“…(1) The mixing of 31‰ salinity water from the New York Bight and virtually zero salinity Hudson River water to obtain the 20‰ water observed throughout the East River (Turekian et al, 1996). (2) The removal of Os from this mixed water leaving the resulting water depleted in Os but with the isotopic signature of the mixture retained.…”

“…The samples were filtered on-site and then acidified. Salinity was either measured on the samples collected or inferred from extensive work on these waters (Long Island Sound and East River, Turekian et al, 1996;New York Bight, Kaufman et al, 1981;Vineyard Sound, Limeburner and Beardsley, 1982).…”

Radium Mass Balance Sensitivity Analysis for Submarine Groundwater Discharge Estimation in Semi-Enclosed Basins: The Case Study of Long Island Sound

“…Are the incubations used to quantify diffusion and bioirrigation from sediments accurate? 228 Ra fluxes for muddy LIS sediments, determined from the deficit of solidphase 228 Ra relative to its parent 232 Th (Cochran, 1979;Turekian et al, 1996), are in general agreement with 228 Ra fluxes determined from sediment chamber incubations (33-82 dpm m −2 d −1 vs 12-207 dpm m −2 d −1 ). The solid-phase 228 Ra: 232 Th approach integrates over the half-life of 228 Ra, therein representing a mean-annual 228 Ra flux; therefore, these estimates seem reasonable at the seasonal time-scale considered here.…”

“…Connecticut fresh groundwaters, sampled from inland wells, had 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratios between 0.2-1.4 (Krishnaswami et al, 1982;Copenhaver et al, 1993). This is in marked contrast to the 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratio of the Connecticut River (∼3; Dion, 1983) and East River (3.8-4.1; Turekian et al, 1996). 228 Ra and 226 Ra activities of surface and bottom water samples, and activity ratios of possible sources, are presented in Figure 3.…”

The behavior of natural and anthropogenic osmium in the Hudson River–Long Island Sound estuarine system

“…The East River supplies between 0.4 · 10 14 L yr À1 and 1.1 · 10 14 L yr À1 of water to the LIS (Turekian et al, 1996), which suggests that there is a net transport of about 0.4-1 mole of anthropogenic Os per year from the East River into LIS. This figure is in line with the rate of use estimated by hospitals in the New York City area (personal communication from Dr. Michael Kashgarian, Yale Medical School).…”

“…(1) The mixing of 31‰ salinity water from the New York Bight and virtually zero salinity Hudson River water to obtain the 20‰ water observed throughout the East River (Turekian et al, 1996). (2) The removal of Os from this mixed water leaving the resulting water depleted in Os but with the isotopic signature of the mixture retained.…”

“…The samples were filtered on-site and then acidified. Salinity was either measured on the samples collected or inferred from extensive work on these waters (Long Island Sound and East River, Turekian et al, 1996;New York Bight, Kaufman et al, 1981;Vineyard Sound, Limeburner and Beardsley, 1982).…”

Radium Mass Balance Sensitivity Analysis for Submarine Groundwater Discharge Estimation in Semi-Enclosed Basins: The Case Study of Long Island Sound

“…Are the incubations used to quantify diffusion and bioirrigation from sediments accurate? 228 Ra fluxes for muddy LIS sediments, determined from the deficit of solidphase 228 Ra relative to its parent 232 Th (Cochran, 1979;Turekian et al, 1996), are in general agreement with 228 Ra fluxes determined from sediment chamber incubations (33-82 dpm m −2 d −1 vs 12-207 dpm m −2 d −1 ). The solid-phase 228 Ra: 232 Th approach integrates over the half-life of 228 Ra, therein representing a mean-annual 228 Ra flux; therefore, these estimates seem reasonable at the seasonal time-scale considered here.…”

“…Connecticut fresh groundwaters, sampled from inland wells, had 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratios between 0.2-1.4 (Krishnaswami et al, 1982;Copenhaver et al, 1993). This is in marked contrast to the 228 Ra/ 226 Ra activity ratio of the Connecticut River (∼3; Dion, 1983) and East River (3.8-4.1; Turekian et al, 1996). 228 Ra and 226 Ra activities of surface and bottom water samples, and activity ratios of possible sources, are presented in Figure 3.…”

The behavior of natural and anthropogenic osmium in the Hudson River–Long Island Sound estuarine system

“…The East River supplies between 0.4 · 10 14 L yr À1 and 1.1 · 10 14 L yr À1 of water to the LIS (Turekian et al, 1996), which suggests that there is a net transport of about 0.4-1 mole of anthropogenic Os per year from the East River into LIS. This figure is in line with the rate of use estimated by hospitals in the New York City area (personal communication from Dr. Michael Kashgarian, Yale Medical School).…”

“…(1) The mixing of 31‰ salinity water from the New York Bight and virtually zero salinity Hudson River water to obtain the 20‰ water observed throughout the East River (Turekian et al, 1996). (2) The removal of Os from this mixed water leaving the resulting water depleted in Os but with the isotopic signature of the mixture retained.…”

“…The samples were filtered on-site and then acidified. Salinity was either measured on the samples collected or inferred from extensive work on these waters (Long Island Sound and East River, Turekian et al, 1996;New York Bight, Kaufman et al, 1981;Vineyard Sound, Limeburner and Beardsley, 1982).…”