Transcriptome–proteome compendium of the Antarctic krill (<i>Euphausia superba</i>): Metabolic potential and repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes

Møller, Lars Alling; Vainstein, Yeheven; Wöhlbrand, Lars; Dörries, Marvin; Meyer, Bettina; Sohn, Kai; Rabus, Ralf

doi:10.1002/pmic.202100404

Proteomics

2022

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100404

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Transcriptome–proteome compendium of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): Metabolic potential and repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes

Lars Alling Møller

Yeheven Vainstein

Lars Wöhlbrand

et al.

Abstract: The Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) is a keystone species in the Southern Ocean that uses an arsenal of hydrolases for biomacromolecule decomposition to effectively digest its omnivorous diet. The present study builds on a hybrid-assembled transcriptome (13,671 ORFs) combined with comprehensive proteome profiling. The analysis of individual krill compartments allowed detection of significantly more different proteins compared to that of the entire animal (1464 vs. 294 proteins). The nearby krill sampl… Show more

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2024

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Cited by 2 publications

References 67 publications

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Rich microbial and depolymerising diversity in Antarctic krill gut

Möller,

Vainshtein,

Meyer

et al. 2024

Microbiol Spectr

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With almost a quadrillion individuals, the Antarctic krill processes five million tons of organic carbon every day during austral summer. This high carbon flux requires a broad range of hydrolytic enzymes to decompose the diverse food-derived biopolymers. While krill itself possesses numerous such enzymes, it is unclear, to what extent the endogenous microbiota contribute to the hydrolytic potential of the gut environment. Here we applied amplicon sequencing, shotgun metagenomics, cultivation, and physiological assays to characterize the krill gut microbiota. The broad bacterial diversity (273 families, 919 genera, and 2,309 species) also included a complex potentially anaerobic sub-community. Plate-based assays with 198 isolated pure cultures revealed widespread capacities to utilize lipids (e.g., tributyrin), followed by proteins (casein) and to a lesser extent by polysaccharides (e.g., alginate and chitin). While most isolates affiliated with the genera Pseudoalteromonas and Psychrobacter , also Rubritalea spp. (Verrucomicrobia) were observed. The krill gut microbiota growing on marine broth agar plates possess 13,012 predicted hydrolyses; 15-fold more than previously predicted from a transcriptome-proteome compendium of krill. Cultivation-independent and -dependent approaches indicated members of the families Flavobacteriaceae and Pseudoalteromonadaceae to dominate the capacities for lipid/protein hydrolysis and to provide a plethora of carbohydrate-active enzymes, sulfatases, and laminarin- or porphyrin-depolymerizing hydrolases. Notably, also the potential to hydrolyze plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate and polylactatide was observed, affiliating mostly with Moraxellaceae. Overall, this study shows extensive microbial diversity in the krill gut, and suggests that the microbiota likely play a significant role in the nutrient acquisition of the krill by enriching its hydrolytic enzyme repertoire. IMPORTANCE The Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) is a keystone species of the Antarctic marine food web, connecting the productivity of phyto- and zooplankton with the nutrition of the higher trophic levels. Accordingly, krill significantly contributes to biomass turnover, requiring the decomposition of seasonally varying plankton-derived biopolymers. This study highlights the likely role of the krill gut microbiota in this ecosystem function by revealing the great number of diverse hydrolases that microbes contribute to the krill gut environment. The here resolved repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes could contribute to the overall nutritional resilience of krill and to the general organic matter cycling under changing environmental conditions in the Antarctic sea water. Furthermore, the krill gut microbiome could serve as a valuable resource of cold-adapted hydrolytic enzymes for diverse biotechnological applications.

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Rich microbial and depolymerising diversity in Antarctic krill gut

Möller,

Vainshtein,

Meyer

et al. 2024

Microbiol Spectr

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Influence of parasites on spawning success and egg quality in Antarctic krill Euphausia superba

Cleary,

Perry,

Tarling

2024

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Antarctic krill Euphausia superba are key components of Southern Ocean ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, as well as the target of a growing commercial fishery. Understanding the drivers of variability in krill recruitment is key to managing this fishery sustainably. One potential driver which has received little attention is the role of parasites. We investigated the impact of natural parasite infestations in adult female krill on egg production and egg quality around South Georgia. DNA metabarcode sequencing was used to detect all eukaryotic parasites within krill bodies, while spawning success was determined through incubation experiments, and egg quality was assessed by quantifying key elements within each egg (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen). E. superba in this area were infested with suctorian ciliates, eugregarine apicomplexans, and, less frequently, ellobiopsids. Parasite load was not associated with a reduced likelihood of producing eggs, but high parasite loads were associated with lower-quality eggs. This reduction in egg quality may reflect an energetic cost to parasite infestation, with implications for larval development and recruitment.

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Transcriptome–proteome compendium of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): Metabolic potential and repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes

Cited by 2 publications

References 67 publications

Rich microbial and depolymerising diversity in Antarctic krill gut

Rich microbial and depolymerising diversity in Antarctic krill gut

Influence of parasites on spawning success and egg quality in Antarctic krill Euphausia superba

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