Transcriptional termination between bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) early and late polyadenylation sites blocks late transcription in BPV-1-transformed cells

Baker, Carl C.; Noé, Johannes

doi:10.1128/jvi.63.8.3529-3534.1989

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Sequences which mediate instability of heterologous transcripts have been identified in the 3Ј UTR sequences of BPV-1, HPV-1, and HPV-16 (14,26,46). In addition, transcription termination sites have been identified in the L2 gene of BPV-1 (6). Any combination of these mechanisms could function in a differentiation-dependent manner to allow for the appearance of transcripts encoding L1/L2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A differentiation-dependent reduction in CstF function would result in inefficient polyadenylation of early HPV-31 transcripts and increased read-through into the late region. Since messages encoding L1 and L2 are regulated by multiple posttranscriptional mechanisms, including RNA instability mediated through cis elements and transcription termination sites, it is difficult to study the efficiency of early polyadenylation in the context of the complete HPV-31 genome (6,14,26,46). For these reasons, we developed a reporter assay to determine whether the efficiency of HPV-31 early polyadenylation was altered during epithelial differentiation.…”

Section: Hpv-31 Transcripts Using the Early Polyadenylation Signal Comentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Polyadenylation during the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle

Terhune

Milcarek

Laimins

1999

J Virol

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The L1 and L2 capsid genes of human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV-31) are expressed late in the differentiation-dependent life cycle from a promoter located in the E7 open reading frame (ORF) of the early region. These late HPV genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II which reads through the region containing early polyadenylation signals and proceeds to a poly(A) site downstream of L1. In this study, we have investigated the mechanisms regulating differentiation-dependent polyadenylation and read-through in HPV-31. HPV-31 early transcripts were found to utilize a heterogeneous series of polyadenylation sites in undifferentiated cells. The sites for polyadenylation extended over a range of 100 nucleotides from within the E5 ORF to upstream of L2. Upon differentiation, the transcription of early genes increased, but no change in the heterogeneous distribution of 3′ ends was detected. The early polyadenylation region was found to contain a single consensus hexanucleotide sequence, AAUAAA, as well as three weak binding sites for the cleavage stimulatory factor, CstF. In contrast to the heterogeneity at the early site, the 3′ ends of late transcripts encoding L1 and L2 were localized to a narrow region downstream of the late AAUAAA element. The late polyadenylation signal was found to contain a single high-affinity site for CstF, as well as one consensus hexanucleotide sequence. By using a reporter assay, it was determined that the HPV-31 early polyadenylation sequences allowed significant levels of read-through into the late region in undifferentiated cells. Upon differentiation, this read-through was increased by approximately 50%, indicating that use of the early site decreased. Differentiation was also found to induce a 40% reduction in the levels of CstF subunits, which may contribute to the increased read-through of the early sequence. The insertion of the late high-affinity binding site for CstF into the early polyadenylation region significantly reduced the level of read-through, suggesting that these factors modulate read-through activity. Our studies demonstrate that HPV-31 late gene expression is regulated in a large part by posttranscriptional mechanisms, including the polyadenylation of early transcripts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hpv-31 Transcripts Using the Early Polyadenylation Signal Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Polyadenylation during the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle

Terhune

Milcarek

Laimins

1999

J Virol

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“…Poly(A)-assisted termination is indicated whenever transcription continues for a considerable distance (e.g., from 500 bp up to several kilobases) past the poly(A) site with little or no decline (5, 10, 18-20, 27, 29, 34, 39, 43, 44, 54, 60, 62, 68). Subsequent termination may then be precipitous (10,20,34,39,62) or gradual (5,27,29,60,62), depending on the nature or presence of any terminator. On the other hand, poly(A)driven termination cannot be unambiguously identified in the absence of experiments that demonstrate efficient DNA sequence-independent termination downstream of the poly(A) site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(A)-Driven and Poly(A)-Assisted Termination: Two Different Modes of Poly(A)-Dependent Transcription Termination

Yeung

Choi

Chao

et al. 1998

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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We mapped the elements that mediate termination of transcription downstream of the chicken betaH- and betaA-globin gene poly(A) sites. We found no unique element and no segment of 3'-flanking DNA to be significantly more effective than any other. When we replaced the native 3'-flanking DNA with bacterial DNA, it too supported transcription termination. Termination in the bacterial DNA depended on a functional poly(A) signal, which apparently compelled termination to occur in the downstream DNA with little regard for its sequence. We also studied premature termination by poorly processive polymerases close to the promoter. The rate of premature termination varied for different DNA sequences. However, the efficiencies of poly(A)-driven termination and promoter-proximal premature termination varied similarly on different DNAs, suggesting that poly(A)-driven termination functions by returning the transcription complex to a form which resembles a prior state of low processivity. The poly(A)-driven termination described here differs dramatically from the poly(A)-assisted termination previously described for the simian virus 40 (SV40) early transcription unit. In the SV40 early transcription unit, essentially no termination occurs downstream of the poly(A) site unless a special termination element is present. The difference between the betaH-globin and SV40 modes of termination is governed by sequences in the upstream DNA. For maximum efficiency, the betaH-globin poly(A) signal required the assistance of upstream enhancing sequences. Moreover, the SV40 early poly(A) signal also drove termination in betaH-globin style when it was placed in a betaH-globin sequence context. These studies were facilitated by a rapid, improved method of run-on transcription analysis, based on the use of a vector containing two G-free cassettes.

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“…The BPV‐1 genome has two PASs, the proximal PAS and the distal PAS. The proximal PAS is located between the early genes and the late genes, and the distal PAS is located at the 3′ end of the late genes (Figure (a)) . Furth et al found a short sequence located just upstream of the distal PAS that serves to downregulate the late gene expression during the early phase of infection.…”

Section: U1 Snrnp Inhibits 3′‐end Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reciprocal regulation between splicing and 3′‐end processing

Kaida

2016

WIREs RNA

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Most eukaryotic precursor mRNAs are subjected to RNA processing events, including 5′‐end capping, splicing and 3′‐end processing. These processing events were historically studied independently; however, since the early 1990s tremendous efforts by many research groups have revealed that these processing factors interact with each other to control each other's functions. U1 snRNP and its components negatively regulate polyadenylation of precursor mRNAs. Importantly, this function is necessary for protecting the integrity of the transcriptome and for regulating gene length and the direction of transcription. In addition, physical and functional interactions occur between splicing factors and 3′‐end processing factors across the last exon. These interactions activate or inhibit splicing and 3′‐end processing depending on the context. Therefore, splicing and 3′‐end processing are reciprocally regulated in many ways through the complex protein–protein interaction network. Although interesting questions remain, future studies will illuminate the molecular mechanisms underlying the reciprocal regulation. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:499–511. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1348For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

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Transcriptional termination between bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) early and late polyadenylation sites blocks late transcription in BPV-1-transformed cells

Cited by 32 publications

References 34 publications

Regulation of Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Polyadenylation during the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle

Regulation of Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Polyadenylation during the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle

Poly(A)-Driven and Poly(A)-Assisted Termination: Two Different Modes of Poly(A)-Dependent Transcription Termination

The reciprocal regulation between splicing and 3′‐end processing

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