Transcriptional profiling of rat skeletal muscle hypertrophy under restriction of blood flow

Xu, Shouyu; Liu, Xueyun; Chen, Zhenhuang; Li, Gaoquan; Qin, Chen; Zhou, Guoqing; Ma, Ruijie; Yao, Xin-Miao; Huang, Xiumin

doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.008

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The chosen frequency and duration of treatment in the present study were based on previous studies that demonstrated muscle hypertrophy with ischemic therapy. 32,33,43 We did not observe significant difference in muscle mass, strength, or cross-sectional area in the ischemic therapy groups as compared with the control group and stimulation group. Additionally, we did not observe significant satellite cell density differences in the ischemic therapy groups as compared with the control group and stimulation group, which would have been expected if the subjects were beginning to see the muscular effects of the treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…This model was based on several studies that attempted to optimize protocols for ischemic therapy to induce muscle hypertrophy and gains in muscle strength. 25,26,32,33,43 Reported successes of ischemic therapy in humans are limited to case series, which often evaluated multiple variables (muscle cross-sectional area, strength, power, total work), 2,5,6,12,16,19 while others did not find BFRT to improve muscle mass and function. 4,9,14 While 2 previous rat model evaluations found BFRT and RRMBF to increase muscle mass, induce muscle hypertrophy, and increase fiber cross-sectional area as compared with control, 25,32 the results of this study do not support ischemic therapy as a means for improving muscle mass and function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found no effects on AMPK and MAP kinase phosphorylation, REDD1, myostatin, MuRF-1, FOXO3a, VEGF, and HIF-1α. Xu et al 43 performed a gene microarray analysis on a BFRT rat model and found that BFRT may promote muscle hypertrophy by increasing protein synthesis via the MAPK pathway and prevent muscle atrophy by repressing protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome and myostatin-Smad2/3 pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the basis of parameters reported in previous studies, all rats were treated twice per week for a total of 8 treatment sessions. 32,43 All analyses performed on samples were done in a blinded manner. All procedures were approved by our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (PRO00008129).…”

Section: Animal Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local and Systemic Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy in an Animal Model

et al. 2020

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Background: Blood flow restriction therapy (BFRT) has been increasingly applied to improve athletic performance and injury recovery. Validation of BFRT has lagged behind commercialization, and currently the mechanism by which this therapy acts is unknown. BFRT is one type of ischemic therapy, which involves exercising with blood flow restriction. Repetitive restriction of muscle blood flow (RRMBF) is another ischemic therapy type, which does not include exercise. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to develop a rat model of ischemic therapy, characterize changes to muscle contractility, and evaluate local and systemic biochemical and histologic responses of 2 ischemic therapy types. We hypothesized that ischemic therapy would improve muscle mass and strength as compared with the control group. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Four groups of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats were established: control, stimulation, RRMBF, and BFRT. One hindlimb of each subject underwent 8 treatment sessions over 4 weeks. To simulate exercise, the stimulation group underwent peroneal nerve stimulation for 2 minutes. The RRMBF group used a pneumatic cuff inflated to 100 mm Hg with a 48-minute protocol. The BFRT group involved 100–mm Hg pneumatic cuff inflation and peroneal nerve stimulation for a 5-minute protocol. Four methods of evaluation were performed: in vivo contractility testing, histology, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey test and linear mixed effects modeling were used to compare the treatment groups. Results: There was no difference in muscle mass among groups ( P = .40) or between hindlimbs ( P = .73). In vivo contractility testing showed no difference in maximum contractile force among groups ( P = .64) or between hindlimbs ( P = .30). On histology, myocyte cross-sectional area was not different among groups ( P = .55) or between hindlimbs ( P = .44). Pax7 immunohistochemistry demonstrated no difference in muscle satellite cell density among groups ( P = .06) or between hindlimbs ( P = .046). ELISA demonstrated the RRMBF group as eliciting elevated GH levels as compared with the other groups ( P < .001). Conclusion: Ischemic therapy did not induce gains in muscle mass, contractility strength, fiber cross-sectional area, or satellite cell density locally or systemically in this model, although the RRMBF group did have elevated GH levels on ELISA. Clinical Relevance: This animal model does not support ischemic therapy as a method to improve muscle mass, function, or satellite cell density.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animal Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local and Systemic Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy in an Animal Model

et al. 2020

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“…24,25,31,32,39 The inability to perform voluntary submaximal contractions are inherent to BFRT animal models, as an external stimulus is required to stimulate muscles of interest. Within IT models, there is wide variation in experimental variables, including stimulation frequency (30-100 Hz), 24 restriction device (rubber band vs pneumatic tourniquet), 24,39 and restriction pressure (100-200 mm Hg). 25,31 Nakajima et al 24 demonstrated that BFRT increased muscle hypertrophy, increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and increased muscle mass in a rat model.…”

Section: Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischemic Therapy in Musculoskeletal Medicine

et al. 2020

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Background: The competitive environment of athletics has promoted the exploration of any technology application that may offer an edge with performance and recovery from injury. Ischemic therapy is one such technology that has rapidly been incorporated into training rooms and physical therapy clinics worldwide. This therapy modality is reported to increase an athlete’s ability to improve muscle mass, strength, and endurance. Purpose: To provide the sports medicine physician with an understanding of the current state of ischemic therapy technology, including treatment specifications, known physiological effects, hypothesized mechanisms, biochemical effects, athletic applications, medical applications, animal models, and future research recommendations. Study Design: Literature review. Methods: A computer-based search of the PubMed database was used to perform a comprehensive literature review on musculoskeletal ischemic therapy. Results: The current research on ischemic therapy is largely composed of case series with varying equipment, methods, and therapy specifications. The publication of case series has value in identifying this technology for future research, but the results of these studies should not be justification for application to athletes without validation of safety and effectiveness. Conclusion: To date, ischemic therapy remains unvalidated, and the mechanism by which it improves muscle performance is not clear.

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