Transcription of mouse rDNA terminates downstream of the 3′ end of 28S RNA and involves interaction of factors with repeated sequences in the 3′ spacer

Grummt, Ingrid; Maier, Uwe‐G.; Öhrlein, Andrea; Hassouna, Nasser; Bachellerie, Jean Pierre

doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90253-3

Cited by 185 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Ninety percent of yeast RNAPI terminates at the first terminator (T1), situated upstream of a pause-inducing factor-binding site that is recognized in vitro by Reb1 (Ju et al 1990;Lang and Reeder 1995). In mammals, the major terminator, called the Sal box (Grummt et al 1985;Kuhn et al 1988), is recognized by TTF-I (transcription termination factor for polI) , and like the Reb1-binding site, it must be correctly oriented to cause termination (Grummt et al 1985;Lang and Reeder 1993). The mouse Sal box is an 18-bp element repeated 10 times in the IGS, while humans contain a shorter Sal box (11 bp) that is recognized by the human TTF-I (Bartsch et al 1987;Pfleiderer et al 1990;.…”

Section: Rnapi Terminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription termination by nuclear RNA polymerases

Richard

Manley²

2009

Genes Dev.

289

326

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Gene transcription in the cell nucleus is a complex and highly regulated process. Transcription in eukaryotes requires three distinct RNA polymerases, each of which employs its own mechanisms for initiation, elongation, and termination. Termination mechanisms vary considerably, ranging from relatively simple to exceptionally complex. In this review, we describe the present state of knowledge on how each of the three RNA polymerases terminates and how mechanisms are conserved, or vary, from yeast to human.

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Section: Rnapi Terminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription termination by nuclear RNA polymerases

Richard

Manley²

2009

Genes Dev.

289

326

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“…Within each repeating unit there are actually two separate transcription units. One transcription unit begins at the gene promoter, codes for the aforementioned 45S ribosomal precursor RNA, and terminates at one of eight tandemly repeated termination sites that begin at a location 565 bp downstream of the 3' end of mature 28S ribosomal RNA (Grummt etai, 1985). The second transcription unit initiates at a spacer promoter located in the intergenic spacer, transcribes across repeated elements that act as enhancers for polymerase I promoters, and ends at a single terminator that Is situated 170bp upstream of the 45S gene promoter (Gnjmmt etai.…”

Section: Termination In Mice and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanism of transcription termination by RNA poiymerase I

Reeder

Lang

1994

Molecular Microbiology

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SummaryEukaryotic ribosomal gene transcription units are bordered at their 3 ends by short DNA sequences which specify site-specific termination by RNA polymerase i (poii). Poll terminators from yeast through to mammals appear to follow similar rules: they contain a site for a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein; they function only in one orientation; 3 ends are formed upstream of the binding site; and 5 fianking sequences influence the position and efficiency of 3 end formation. Recent progress in understanding the mechanism of RNA chain elongation by other polymerases suggests a model for poll termination in which termination is seen as one of the severai outcomes possible when a polymerase encounters a pause site.

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“…In both X. laevis (24) and Drosophila melanogaster (42), there are reports that almost the entire spacer can be transcribed, with termination occurring a few hundred nucleotides from the initiation site, although this seems not to be a general phenomenon. In the mouse, a repetitive set of termination sequences (Sall boxes) have been identified about 600 bp downstream of the 3' end of the 28S rRNA-coding region (13). Yet another Sail box is found just upstream of the initiation site; its presence stimulates transcription substantially (12,15).…”

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confidence: 99%

Unusual enhancer function in yeast rRNA transcription.

Johnson

Warner

1989

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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The rRNA genes in most eucaryotic organisms are present in a tandem array. There is substantial evidence that transcription of one of these genes may not be independent of transcription of others. In particular, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the enhancer of rRNA transcription that lies 2.2 kilobases 5' of the transcription initiation site is at least partly within the upstream transcription unit. The transcription by RNA polymerase II of a wide variety of genes is profoundly influenced by cis-acting short-nucleotide sequences called enhancer elements that can lie upstream or downstream of the transcription unit, at a distance of up to several kilobases. In many cases, the enhancer elements bind protein factors that are necessary for enhancer function. Although a number of models have been proposed (reviewed in reference 30), a clear understanding of enhancer function is not at hand.Two features distinguish rRNA genes from other genes in the eucaryotic cell. They are transcribed by a specific enzyme, RNA polymerase I, and they are arranged in a tandem array. This unique genetic structure has led to speculation that transcription of an individual gene is not independent of transcription of the neighboring genes; e.g., termination at one transcription unit may lead directly to initiation at the neighboring downstream promoter (7,12,15, 26).We have identified a sequence element, specific for RNA polymerase I, that has many of the characteristics of an RNA polymerase II enhancer (9, 10). In this paper, we explore aspects of the function of RNA polymerase I and its enhancer to ask about the parallels between polymerase I and polymerase II enhancers and about the importance of the tandemness of rRNA genes to polymerase I activity.Transcription by RNA polymerase I has been reviewed recently (38). The spacers between individual rRNA transcription units vary in length from 2 kilobase pairs (kb) (yeasts) to >30 kb (mammals). Within them are found a variety of sequence elements that influence the level of transcription. In Xenopus laevis, for example, these include several copies of a sequence closely related to the promoter, dubbed spacer promoters (6,7,22,23,29,33), each followed by about 10 copies of a 60-to 81-base-pair (bp) repeat, that behave in some respects like enhancer elements (22,23,29). The spacer promoters are curious because although they can give rise to transcripts and can stimulate transcription from an adjacent real promoter (6,7,29), the transcription from the spacer promoter seems not to be involved in this stimulation (7,25). Repetitive elements, some related to the promoter, have also been found in the nontranscribed spacer * Corresponding author. t Present address:

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Transcription of mouse rDNA terminates downstream of the 3′ end of 28S RNA and involves interaction of factors with repeated sequences in the 3′ spacer

Cited by 185 publications

References 30 publications

Transcription termination by nuclear RNA polymerases

Transcription termination by nuclear RNA polymerases

The mechanism of transcription termination by RNA poiymerase I

Unusual enhancer function in yeast rRNA transcription.

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