Transcranial direct current stimulation: A review of electrode characteristics and materials

Solomons, Cassandra D; Shanmugasundaram, Vivekanandan

doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.09.015

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…Our results are in line with those of the previous studies which stimulated the pharyngeal sensory motor cortex in post-stroke dysphagia or the swallowing motor cortex in the elderly and showed promising results [ 17 , 31 ]. Studies showed that different montages with placing electrodes on different locations of the cranium had the potential to change the results of TDCS stimulation [ 32 ]. It is believed that even a 1 to 1.5 cm shift in electrode location had the potential to significantly change the electrical field ’ s distribution [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We located SMG according to 10- 10 international EEG system in this study. However, this localization technique is commonly used in research protocols of TDCS studies in post-stroke dysphagia [ 14 – 18 ] because of its applicability, low cost, and availability [ 32 ]. Some studies showed that other techniques, such as function-guided procedures using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) or the Neuronavigation techniques using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), are more accurate than the 10–20 EEG system [ 52 , 53 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies showed that other techniques, such as function-guided procedures using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) or the Neuronavigation techniques using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), are more accurate than the 10–20 EEG system [ 52 , 53 ]. However, the expense and highly specialized requirement of MRI and even TMS make it unfeasible for most clinical settings [ 32 ]. Therefore, it deserves further investigation into whether treatment protocols in post-stroke dysphagia with 10- 20 EEG system localization have the same effects as those with TMS or MRI localizations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving Swallowing Function and Ability in Post Stroke Dysphagia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

et al. 2022

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Post-stroke dysphagia is a prevalent, life threatening condition. Scientists recommended implementing behavioral therapies with new technologies such as transcranial direct current of stimulation (TDCS). Studies showed promising TDCS effects, and scientists suggested the investigation of the effectiveness of different montages. Supramarginal gyrus (SMG) is important in swallowing function. Our study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of stimulating SMG in improving post-stroke dysphagia. Forty-four patients finished the study (a randomized, double-blind one). All of them received behavioral therapy. The real group received anodal (2 mA, 20 min) stimulation on the intact SMG, and the sham group received the same for 30 s (5 sessions). Patients were assessed with Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA) after treatment and at one-month follow-up. The results showed that the difference between groups at baseline was not significant. According to MASA both groups improved significantly during the time ( p -value < 0.001). The improvement in the real group was significantly higher than in the sham group after treatment ( p -value = 0.002) and after one-month follow-up ( p -value < 0.001). According to FOIS, most of the patients in the real group (72.70%) reached level 6 or 7 after one-month follow-up which was significantly higher than the sham group (31.80%, p -value = 0.007). In conclusion, TDCS applied to the scalp's surface associated with SMG localization may improve swallowing function in the stroke patients with dysphagia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving Swallowing Function and Ability in Post Stroke Dysphagia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

et al. 2022

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“…Additionally, most studies utilized conductive rubber or metal electrodes that are embedded in a sodium chloride-soaked sponge (typically between 15 and 140 mM NaCl) ( DaSilva et al, 2011 ). A comprehensive overview of the various tDCS stimulation protocols can be found elsewhere ( Nitsche et al, 2008 ; Solomons and Shanmugasundaram, 2020 ).…”

Section: Clinically Relevant Approaches To Electrical Stimulation Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of central nervous system electrical stimulation on non-neuronal cells

Williams

Kushwah²,

Dhawan³

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Over the past few decades, much progress has been made in the clinical use of electrical stimulation of the central nervous system (CNS) to treat an ever-growing number of conditions from Parkinson’s disease (PD) to epilepsy as well as for sensory restoration and many other applications. However, little is known about the effects of microstimulation at the cellular level. Most of the existing research focuses on the effects of electrical stimulation on neurons. Other cells of the CNS such as microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular endothelial cells have been understudied in terms of their response to stimulation. The varied and critical functions of these cell types are now beginning to be better understood, and their vital roles in brain function in both health and disease are becoming better appreciated. To shed light on the importance of the way electrical stimulation as distinct from device implantation impacts non-neuronal cell types, this review will first summarize common stimulation modalities from the perspective of device design and stimulation parameters and how these different parameters have an impact on the physiological response. Following this, what is known about the responses of different cell types to different stimulation modalities will be summarized, drawing on findings from both clinical studies as well as clinically relevant animal models and in vitro systems.

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“…The first category is conventional inert electrodes. The typical inert electrodes are stainless steel and conductive rubber electrodes [ 29 ], which are usually used with a saline-soaked sponge as the electrolyte [ 30 , 31 ]. Obviously, these inert electrodes cannot undergo any electrochemical reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Highly Durable Carbon/Silver/Silver Chloride Composite Electrode for High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Cao

Duan³

2021

Nanomaterials

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High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique, which has been widely used in the clinical intervention and treatment of neurological or psychiatric disorders. Sintered Ag/AgCl electrode has become a preferred candidate for HD-tDCS, but its service life is very short, especially for long-term anodal stimulation. To address this issue, a novel highly durable conductive carbon/silver/silver chloride composite (C/Ag/AgCl) electrode was fabricated by a facile cold rolling method. The important parameters were systematically optimized, including the conductive enhancer, the particle size of Ag powder, the C:Ag:PTFE ratio, the saline concentration, and the active substance loading. The CNT/Ag/AgCl-721 electrode demonstrated excellent specific capacity and cycling performance. Both constant current anodal polarization and simulated tDCS measurement demonstrated that the service life of the CNT/Ag/AgCl-721 electrodes was 15-16 times of that of sintered Ag/AgCl electrodes. The much longer service life can be attributed to the formation of the three-dimensional interpenetrating conductive network with CNT doping, which can maintain a good conductivity and cycling performance even if excessive non-conductive AgCl is accumulated on the surface during long-term anodal stimulation. Considering their low cost, long service life, and good skin tolerance, the proposed CNT/Ag/AgCl electrodes have shown promising application prospects in HD-tDCS, especially for daily life scenarios.

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Transcranial direct current stimulation: A review of electrode characteristics and materials

Cited by 19 publications

References 150 publications

Improving Swallowing Function and Ability in Post Stroke Dysphagia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Improving Swallowing Function and Ability in Post Stroke Dysphagia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Effects of central nervous system electrical stimulation on non-neuronal cells

A Novel Highly Durable Carbon/Silver/Silver Chloride Composite Electrode for High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

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