Transbilayer Phospholipid Asymmetry in
            <i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i>
            -Infected Host Cell Membrane

Gupta, C. M.; Mishra, Gyan C.

doi:10.1126/science.7233198

Cited by 62 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…PS remained completely inaccessible to either chemical or enzymatic probes during the parasitic invasion (25). These results are quite similar to ours.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Alteration of membrane phospholipid bilayer organization in human erythrocytes during drug-induced endocytosis.

Schrier¹,

Chiu²,

Yee³

et al. 1983

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T Our plan was to evaluate the potentially important role of phospholipids in erythrocyte shape alterations by determining if their orientation was altered during endocytosis. Stomatocytosis and endocytosis were induced in normal intact human erythrocytes by incubation with three agents: primaquine, vinblastine, and chlorpromazine, each of which has its own requirements and time course for producing endocytosis. The organization of the phospholipid bilayer was assessed by measuring the extent of degradation of phophatidylcholine (PC), phophatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM) produced by exposure of erythrocytes to a nonpenetrating protease-free phospholipase A2 alone or in combination with a purified sphingomyelinase as well. The induction of stomatocytosis did not change this orientation. However, correlating with the onset of endocytosis but not its extent, there was an increase ip PE degradation, which could be detected regularly only by use of phospholipase A2 alone. Use of the combination of phospholipase A2 and sphingomyelinase showed that the extent and course of endocytosis was paralleled by an apparent movement of PC and SM from the outer to the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Since no further PE was hydrolyzed and because no PS was ever degraded, this inward movement of PC and SM did not represent the establishment of complete symmetry in the membrane. By adjusting the experimental design it was possible to implicate the A preliminary report of this work was presented at the

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“…PS remained completely inaccessible to either chemical or enzymatic probes during the parasitic invasion (25). These results are quite similar to ours.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Alteration of membrane phospholipid bilayer organization in human erythrocytes during drug-induced endocytosis.

Schrier¹,

Chiu²,

Yee³

et al. 1983

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…58 Roughly 70% of the PC was hydrolyzed in the presence of phospholipase A 2 , while 15-20% of the PE was labeled with TNBS. Because no PS was hydrolyzed or labeled, it was postulated to reside in the inner monolayer.…”

Section: Other Erythrocyte Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical control of phospholipid distribution across bilayer membranes

Boon

Smith

2002

Medicinal Research Reviews

213

172

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Most biological membranes possess an asymmetric transbilayer distribution of phospholipids. Endogenous enzymes expend energy to maintain the arrangement by promoting the rate of phospholipid translocation, or flip-flop. Researchers have discovered ways to modify this distribution through the use of chemicals. This review presents a critical analysis of the phospholipid asymmetry data in the literature followed by a brief overview of the maintenance and physiological consequences of phospholipid asymmetry, and finishes with a list of chemical ways to alter phospholipid distribution by enhancement of flip-flop.

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“…Because prior studies have shown that endocytosis is accompanied by lipid changes (23,25) but not by protein changes (Schrier SL, unpublished observations) we examined neonatal red cell membrane lipids in considerable detail. Our data agree with earlier reports that the neonatal red cell has a slightly higher cholesterol to phospholipid ratio and a higher sphingomyelin to PC ratio than the adult red cell (10,11,26).…”

Section: Osmotic Gradient Ektacytometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aging Process of Human Neonatal Erythrocytes

et al. 1986

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ABSTRACT. The red blood cell population of the human newborn is more heterogeneous than that of adults. TO characterize this heterogeneity, red cells were separated on Stractan gradients into populations according to their density and, therefore, generally according to their age. Lipid content, phospholipid asymmetry, osmotic fragility, and deformability were measured. With increasing density, osmotic resistance and deformability decreased to a greater extent in the neonatal than the adult red cell. There was a marked loss of surface area throughout the life span of the neonatal red cell which was not accompanied by a parallel loss of membrane lipid. This apparent discrepancy could be explained at least in part by internalization of membrane lipid as a result of endocytosis, a process shown to be present in even the densest neonatal red cells. creased life span. Another property of neonatal cells which may potentially have adverse rheological consequences is their loss of more than one-quarter of their surface area as they age in circulation (3-5). We have suggested that this property may be linked to the enhanced propensity of such cells to internalize plasma membrane through the process of endocytosis (5-7). In the current report, we further explore this possibility. To do so, we used the technique of Stractan density gradient centrifugation to prepare populations of buoyant (presumably young) and dense (3, 8, 9) (presumably old) neonatal red cells. The amount of cell lipid was measured in each density fraction and the degree to which the loss in surface area was accompanied by loss of membrane lipid determined. Changes in phospholipid composition (10, 11) or asymmetry (12) were also sought. As an independent index of cell surface area (13), we measured red cell deformability in the ektacytometer (14). Our findings demonstrate that although the densest ("oldest") neonatal red cells have lost considerable surface area, they have not lost the expected equivalent quantities of membrane lipid, implying that at least some of the lipid must have been internalized rather than released into the plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS CHV, critical hemolytic volume - Materials. Stractan was purchased from St. Regis Lumber Co., DI, deformability indexLibby, MT and prepared as previously described (5, 9). Cellulose PC, phosphatidylcholine (Sigmacell-50), a-cellulose, cholesterol standard solution (CH-I), PE, phosphatidylethanofamine and bee venom phospholipase A2 were purchased from Sigma PS, phosphatidylserine Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO. Sphingomyelinase C was prepared PI, phosphatidylinositol as previously described (12). SM, sphingomyelinBlood collection and density separation. Venous blood was DI,,,, maximum deformability collected from adult volunteers and cord blood was drawn from the placental vessels immediately upon delivery according to a protocol approved by the Stanford Medical Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects in Research. EDTA was used as The shortened life span of neonatal red cells relative to that of...

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Transbilayer Phospholipid Asymmetry in Plasmodium knowlesi -Infected Host Cell Membrane

Cited by 62 publications

References 17 publications

Alteration of membrane phospholipid bilayer organization in human erythrocytes during drug-induced endocytosis.

Alteration of membrane phospholipid bilayer organization in human erythrocytes during drug-induced endocytosis.

Chemical control of phospholipid distribution across bilayer membranes

The Aging Process of Human Neonatal Erythrocytes

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