“…As the next step, cloud bursting techniques were developed to share the resources of different clouds, then cloud federations were realized by interoperating formerly separate cloud systems. By overcoming the interoperability issues of public cloud providers and various middleware implementations, the process of creating and managing cloud federations was clarified and applied [94]. There are various reasons to optimize resource management in such federations: to serve more users simultaneously, to increase quality of service, to gain higher profit from resource renting, or to reduce energy consumption or CO 2 emissions.…”