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1during metamorphism: newly-formed Fe-rich minerals allowed preserving bulk rock Fe compositions during metamorphic reactions and hampered any Fe isotope fractionation. Greenschists have δ 56 Fe values (+0.17 ± 0.01 to +0.27 ± 0.02‰) similar to high-pressure rocks. Hence, metasomatism related to fluids derived from the subducted hydrothermally altered metabasites might only have a limited effect on mantle Fe isotope composition under subsolidus conditions, owing to the large stability of Fe-rich minerals and low mobility of Fe. Subsequent melting of the heavy-Fe metabasites at deeper levels is expected to generate mantle Fe isotope heterogeneities.Keywords Fe isotopes · Metabasites · Subduction · HP-LT metamorphism · Blueschists · Eclogites · Greenschists · Basaltic protoliths IntroductionHigh-pressure/low-temperature (HP-LT) rocks are remnants of ancient subduction zones. They provide information on geochemical processes and deep fluid-rock interactions occurring at present-day active convergent margins. Fluid infiltration during high-and lowtemperature hydrothermal alteration of the oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and on the seafloor is responsible for the hydration of basic rocks and serpentinisation of the lithospheric mantle. During subduction, the hydrothermally altered oceanic crust dehydrates continuously and releases large amounts of H 2 O at a relatively shallow level in the subduction zone (50-80 km) (Schmidt and Poli 1998;Rüpke et al. 2004). Deserpentinisation of the lithospheric mantle occurs at deeper levels (100-200 km), where fluids are expected to be the source of arc melting (Ulmer and Abstract Characterisation of mass transfer during subduction is fundamental to understand the origin of compositional heterogeneities in the upper mantle. Fe isotopes were measured in high-pressure/low-temperature metabasites (blueschists, eclogites and retrograde greenschists) from the Ile de Groix (France), a Variscan high-pressure terrane, to determine if the subducted oceanic crust contributes to mantle Fe isotope heterogeneities. The metabasites have δ 56 Fe values of +0.16 to +0.33‰, which are heavier than typical values of MORB and OIB, indicating that their basaltic protolith derives from a heavy-Fe mantle source. The δ 56 Fe correlates well with Y/Nb and (La/Sm) PM ratios, which commonly fractionate during magmatic processes, highlighting variations in the magmatic protolith composition. In addition, the shift of δ 56 Fe by +0.06 to 0.10‰ compared to basalts may reflect hydrothermal alteration prior to subduction. The δ 56 Fe decrease from blueschists (+0.19 ± 0.03 to +0.33 ± 0.01‰) to eclogites (+0.16 ± 0.02 to +0.18 ± 0.03‰) reflects small variations in the protolith composition, rather than Fe fractionation
1during metamorphism: newly-formed Fe-rich minerals allowed preserving bulk rock Fe compositions during metamorphic reactions and hampered any Fe isotope fractionation. Greenschists have δ 56 Fe values (+0.17 ± 0.01 to +0.27 ± 0.02‰) similar to high-pressure rocks. Hence, metasomatism related to fluids derived from the subducted hydrothermally altered metabasites might only have a limited effect on mantle Fe isotope composition under subsolidus conditions, owing to the large stability of Fe-rich minerals and low mobility of Fe. Subsequent melting of the heavy-Fe metabasites at deeper levels is expected to generate mantle Fe isotope heterogeneities.Keywords Fe isotopes · Metabasites · Subduction · HP-LT metamorphism · Blueschists · Eclogites · Greenschists · Basaltic protoliths IntroductionHigh-pressure/low-temperature (HP-LT) rocks are remnants of ancient subduction zones. They provide information on geochemical processes and deep fluid-rock interactions occurring at present-day active convergent margins. Fluid infiltration during high-and lowtemperature hydrothermal alteration of the oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and on the seafloor is responsible for the hydration of basic rocks and serpentinisation of the lithospheric mantle. During subduction, the hydrothermally altered oceanic crust dehydrates continuously and releases large amounts of H 2 O at a relatively shallow level in the subduction zone (50-80 km) (Schmidt and Poli 1998;Rüpke et al. 2004). Deserpentinisation of the lithospheric mantle occurs at deeper levels (100-200 km), where fluids are expected to be the source of arc melting (Ulmer and Abstract Characterisation of mass transfer during subduction is fundamental to understand the origin of compositional heterogeneities in the upper mantle. Fe isotopes were measured in high-pressure/low-temperature metabasites (blueschists, eclogites and retrograde greenschists) from the Ile de Groix (France), a Variscan high-pressure terrane, to determine if the subducted oceanic crust contributes to mantle Fe isotope heterogeneities. The metabasites have δ 56 Fe values of +0.16 to +0.33‰, which are heavier than typical values of MORB and OIB, indicating that their basaltic protolith derives from a heavy-Fe mantle source. The δ 56 Fe correlates well with Y/Nb and (La/Sm) PM ratios, which commonly fractionate during magmatic processes, highlighting variations in the magmatic protolith composition. In addition, the shift of δ 56 Fe by +0.06 to 0.10‰ compared to basalts may reflect hydrothermal alteration prior to subduction. The δ 56 Fe decrease from blueschists (+0.19 ± 0.03 to +0.33 ± 0.01‰) to eclogites (+0.16 ± 0.02 to +0.18 ± 0.03‰) reflects small variations in the protolith composition, rather than Fe fractionation
Sediment provenance studies utilizing detrital geochronology are often limited by source‐rock non‐uniqueness with respect to mineral age. Thus, the development of integrated techniques which permit identification of source rock age and lithology are highly desirable. In this case study from the southern Massif Central, France, we target modern‐river sediment from the river Tarn to assess the utility of combined U‐Pb and multiple trace‐element geochemical analysis of detrital apatite as a provenance tool. The study area was chosen because the sediment source areas chiefly comprise a relatively simple mix of medium‐ to low‐grade Variscan metasediments and late Variscan granitoids, which should yield detrital apatite readily distinguishable by age, trace‐element chemistry, or both. Based on comparison with previously published apatite trace‐element data from metasedimentary rocks and granitoids, pelitic apatite in the river Tarn detritus is primarily distinguished by high Sr/Mn, light rare‐earth element depletion (LREE) and low actinide contents, whereas granitic apatite is characterized by much lower Sr/Mn, and high LREE and actinide abundances. These source rock determinations are highly consistent with apatite trace‐element data from Tarn tributaries that drain either predominantly metapelitic or granitoid catchments. U‐Pb analysis of detrital rutile was also undertaken on those catchments for comparative purposes. As pelitic and granitic apatite can be readily distinguished, samples that have experienced downstream sediment mixing can then be comprehensively characterized. Using this method we identify a source lithology for nearly every analyzed apatite grain in the river sediment, even though 59% of the analyzed grains do not yield reliable U‐Pb ages.
Applying machine learning techniques to large datasets of in situ analyses has been proven to be a powerful tool in Earth Sciences. However, problems may arise when dealing with minerals such as chlorite, that exist as a solid solution rather than a single, stoichiometric ideal. It can be difficult to determine whether the variations in major element concentrations are due to compositional difference in the mineral of interest or due to sampling of the surrounding mineral phases in addition to the mineral of interest during the analyses. If the latter, interpretations of the results would be complicated, misled or even spurious. Here we present a method to identify chlorite based on the major and minor element content, from both LA‐ICPMS and EPMA data. Further we present a dataset of 3,317 analyses of chlorite and have shown that 7.4% of these analyses include significant quantities of non‐chlorite material.
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