TPX2 in human clear cell renal carcinoma: Expression, function and prognostic significance

Abstract

Abstract. Targeting protein for Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2) is a microtubule-associated protein. TPX2 is considered to be an important gene in tumorigenesis; however, the particular function of TPX2 in the development of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is unknown. In the present study, the expression, function and prognostic significance of TPX2 in human RCC was analyzed. A total of 286 tissue samples from patients with RCC who had undergone nephrectomies were utilized. Subsequently, the expression of TPX2 protein was investigated using immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and TPX2 mRNA expression was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To establish the effect of TPX2 on the proliferation and invasion of the RCC cells, TPX2 expression was increased by stable transfection with a TPX2 vector and TPX2 expression was decreased using small interfering RNA. Proliferation of the RCC cells was analyzed using a WST-1 assay and an animal xenograft model with BALB/c nude mice, whilst invasion of the RCC cells was examined using a Matrigel-coated invasion chamber. It was demonstrated that TPX2 expression was significantly higher in the RCC tissues compared with normal kidney tissues (P<0.05). Furthermore, TPX2 expression was associated with tumor size, histological grade and tumor stage (P<0.05), and was observed to markedly increase the proliferation and invasion of the RCC cells. It may be concluded that the expression of TPX2 is significantly upregulated in RCC tissue, subsequently increasing the proliferative and invasive ability of RCC cells. Therefore, the protein may serve as a therapeutic target and independent prognostic factor in the treatment of human RCC.

Overexpression of TPX2 is associated with progression and prognosis of prostate cancer

“…In contrast, TPX2 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and invasion through decreased Akt phosphorylation and expression of MMP-9 and cyclin D1 ( 23 ). Expression of TPX2 was significantly upregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and promoted the proliferative and invasive ability of RCC cells ( 24 ). In addition, it has been proposed that Absent in melanoma 1, Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment protein 1, Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 3 and TPX2 are potential drug targets in PCa ( 25 ).…”

Prognostic role of targeting protein for Xklp2 in solid tumors

“…Characteristics of studies with OS or DFS data are presented in Table 1 . Of these studies, 3 evaluated gastric cancer, [ 22 – 24 ] 2 evaluated hepatocellular cancer, [ 12 , 27 ] and 1 each evaluated malignant astrocytoma, [ 19 ] prostate cancer, [ 30 ] epithelial ovarian cancer, [ 20 ] bladder carcinoma, [ 25 ] colon cancer, [ 28 ] esophageal squamous cell cancer, [ 26 ] renal cell cancer, [ 21 ] and squamous cell lung carcinoma. [ 29 ] The quality scores of included studies varied from 5 to 9.…”

“…Independent studies showed that in most cases overexpression of TPX2 had a negative impact on the prognosis of various types of solid tumors, such as astrocytoma, [ 19 ] ovarian cancer, [ 20 ] renal cell cancer, [ 21 ] gastric cancer, [ 22 – 24 ] bladder cancer, [ 25 ] esophageal squamous cell cancer, [ 26 ] hepatocellular cancer, [ 12 , 27 ] colon cancer, [ 28 ] and lung cancer. [ 29 ] However, Pan et al [ 30 ] found that the expression of TPX2 in tumor tissues of patients with prostate cancer was not related to their survival time.…”

Identification of Novel Hub Genes Through Expression Profiles Analysis in Adrenocortical Carcinoma

“…TPX2 gene encodes a microtubule-associated protein, which serves a vital role in mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation process [24,25]. The overexpression of TPX2 has been reported in many studies and related to poor clinical outcomes of multiple malignancies, such as lung cancer, thyroid carcinoma, clear cell renal carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancer, and hepatocellular cancer, implying the possibility that TPX2 can be used as a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target in these tumors [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Furthermore, TPX2 was reported to be involved in the invasion of tumor cells by the elevation of MMP2 and MMP9 through AKT signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma [35,36].…”