Toxicology Comes of Age

Doull, John

doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.1

Cited by 23 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The Greek term pharmacon, meaning both drug and poison, reflects the inherent enantiodromia, the polarity which is expressed in the Arndt-Schulz rule of 1887, a fundamental and widely applicable concept, validated for pharmacology in carefully controlled experiments with sensitive methods (Calabrese 2004). As John Doull (2001) observed: 'the existence of hormesis-raises serious questions about the validity-to use a high-dose effect to predict a different low-dose effect', and 'both dose and time are independent variables in exposure.' Recognition of such important factors leads to the assessment and selection of appropriate methods and strategies.…”

Section: The Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo target recognition with high-resolution imaging: significance for drug development

Stumpf

2010

Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In vivo target identification is basic for understanding mechanisms of drug action. Target identification requires cellular resolution. Extrapolation from blood bioavailability, low-resolution scans, radioassays, or in vitro tests regularly produce false-negatives and false-positives. Common ADME procedures disrealize organ complexities. While low-specificity high-capacity sites of deposition are easily recognized, high-specificity low-capacity receptor sites remain hidden. Serious limitations of target recognition are revealed in comparative studies with three methods: high-resolution microscopic autoradiography, radioassay, and whole-body autoradiography. With radioassays and whole-body autoradiography, many targets are simply undetectable. For example, high-resolution microscopic target information for vitamin D, gained 20-30 years ago, was widely ignored. The narrow calcium focus for this multi-target and multi-function hormone was perpetuated until recently through deficient results from conventional assays together with related expert bias. Thus, follow-up has been delayed on discoveries from the use of unconventional histopharmacology methods, pointing at important actions and therapies beyond systemic calcium regulation. High-resolution 'in vivo' target identification with associated functional characterization is useful not only for understanding mechanisms of action, but also for providing leads for innovative and successful drug development and prediction.

show abstract

Section: The Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo target recognition with high-resolution imaging: significance for drug development

Stumpf

2010

Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…According to an essay by John Doull (2001), formal recognition of toxicology as an academic discipline occurred around 1959 with the advent of the first journal devoted to toxicologic and pharmacologic study, the first modern toxicology textbook, and the formation of the first Society of Toxicology (SOT) in 1961. Although these dates mark the formal beginnings of the academic discipline, toxicologic studies had been conducted throughout the early 20th century to characterize various chemicals, including chemical warfare agents, pesticides, and food products, with practitioners trained in other fields, including medicine, chemistry, and pharmacology (Borzelleca 2001; Doull 2001; National Research Council 1997).…”

Section: Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although these dates mark the formal beginnings of the academic discipline, toxicologic studies had been conducted throughout the early 20th century to characterize various chemicals, including chemical warfare agents, pesticides, and food products, with practitioners trained in other fields, including medicine, chemistry, and pharmacology (Borzelleca 2001; Doull 2001; National Research Council 1997). It was through the efforts of these scientists that toxicology developed into a rigorous scientific and academic discipline.…”

Section: Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Mixtures: Considering the Evolution of Toxicology and Chemical Assessment

Monosson¹

2005

Environ Health Perspect

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The assessment of chemical mixtures is a complex topic for toxicologists, regulators, and the public. In this article the linkage between the science of toxicology and the needs of governmental regulatory agencies in the United States is explored through an overview of environmental regulations enacted over the past century and a brief history of modern toxicology. One of the goals of this overview is to encourage both regulators and scientists to consider the benefits and limitations of this science–regulatory relationship as they tackle existing issues such as chemical mixtures. It is clear that a) over the past 100 years chemical regulation and toxicologic research, have in large part, shared a common emphasis on characterization and regulation of individual chemicals. But chemical mixtures have been, and continue to be, evaluated at hazardous waste sites around the United States. For this reason the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for chemical mixtures assessment are also reviewed. These guidelines highlight the current practice of mixtures assessment, which relies primarily on the existing single-chemical database. It is also clear that b) the science and assessment of chemical mixtures are moving forward through the combined efforts of regulatory agencies and scientists from a broad range of disciplines, including toxicology. Because toxicology is at this exciting crossroads, particular attention should be paid to the forces (e.g., public demands, regulatory needs, funding, academic interests) that both promote and limit the growth of this expanding discipline.

show abstract

“…Walaszek were the key individuals instrumental in designing and developing this system (Doull 2001). Since that time most faculty of the Department have contributed to the system in use today.…”

Section: Drs John Doull Stata Norton Stan Nelson and Edmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each question is coded according to major and minor category, type, answer and statistics. At one time with the support of members from the CATS Consortium, we had over 26,000 questions of about which 50% were peer reviewed by Consortium members (Doull 2001). Today we have about 17,000 questions in the file.…”

Section: Computer-managed Instruction (Cmi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

From mainframe to Web-based: 30 years of experience in computer-aided instruction of pharmacology

Kerecsen

Pazdernik

2002

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review describes 30 years of experience at the University of Kansas Medical Center in using computers in the teaching of pharmacology to medical students and other health professionals. The Computer-Assisted Teaching System contains both Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) and Computer-Managed Instruction (CMI). The system has evolved from mainframe to microprocessors to the current World Wide Web system. The greatest challenge has been to meet the changes in technologies and teaching approaches. The system has been well received by students and has provided the faculty with the means of providing a novel approach to teaching pharmacology.

show abstract

Toxicology Comes of Age

Cited by 23 publications

References 20 publications

In vivo target recognition with high-resolution imaging: significance for drug development

In vivo target recognition with high-resolution imaging: significance for drug development

Chemical Mixtures: Considering the Evolution of Toxicology and Chemical Assessment

From mainframe to Web-based: 30 years of experience in computer-aided instruction of pharmacology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About