Toxicity of silver ions, metallic silver, and silver nanoparticle materials after in vivo dermal and mucosal surface exposure: A review

Abstract

Silver is used in different applications that result in contact with skin and mucosal surfaces (e.g., jewelry, wound dressings, or eye drops). Intact skin poses an effective barrier against the absorption of silver. Mucosal surfaces are observed to be less effective barriers and compromised skin is often a poor barrier. Silver can deposit as particles in the human body causing a blue-gray discoloration known as argyria. Urine and feces are reported pathways of excretion. Acute human mortality has been observed following an abortion procedure involving the intrauterine administration of 7 g silver nitrate (64 mg silver/kg body weight). Localized argyria has been reported with exposure to silver ions, metallic surfaces, and nanocrystalline silver. Generalized argyria was observed with ionic and nanocrystalline silver in humans at cumulative doses in the range of 70-1500 mg silver/kg body weight. Silver is observed to have a low potential for skin irritation. Eye irritation and some cases of allergic contact dermatitis have been reported. Silver may cause genotoxicity, but additional data are required to assess its carcinogenic potential. Other reported toxicities include hepatic, renal, neurological, and hematological effects.

Measuring the administered dose of particles on the facial mucosa of a realistic human model

“…The administered doses on eyes and lips in our experimental setup were much lower than the fatal dose reported by Hadrup et al, and the particle concentrations in our experiment could be much lower than those in the actual industrial environment under a specific production process. The average concentration during arc welding is 1.42 × 10 7 particles/cm 3 at 4.8 cm from the emission source .…”

“…Their results showed that 100‐nm liposomes had the best penetration ability. Hadrup et al discussed the toxicity of nanoparticles after dermal and mucosal surface exposure. Exposure to silver particles can cause localized argyria and eye irritation, and a 7‐g dose of silver nitrate (~64 mg silver/kg body weight) is fatal to humans.…”

“…Hadrup et al 9 discussed the toxicity of nanoparticles after dermal and mucosal surface exposure. Exposure to silver particles can cause localized argyria and eye irritation, and a 7-g dose of silver nitrate (~64 mg silver/kg body weight) is fatal to humans.The administered doses on eyes and lips in our experimental setup were much lower than the fatal dose reported by Hadrup et al,9 and the particle concentrations in our experiment could be much lower than those in the actual industrial environment under a specific production process. The average concentration during arc welding is 1.42 × 10 7 particles/cm 3 at 4.8 cm from the emission source.…”

Measuring the administered dose of particles on the facial mucosa of a realistic human model

“…The administered doses on eyes and lips in our experimental setup were much lower than the fatal dose reported by Hadrup et al, and the particle concentrations in our experiment could be much lower than those in the actual industrial environment under a specific production process. The average concentration during arc welding is 1.42 × 10 7 particles/cm 3 at 4.8 cm from the emission source .…”

“…Their results showed that 100‐nm liposomes had the best penetration ability. Hadrup et al discussed the toxicity of nanoparticles after dermal and mucosal surface exposure. Exposure to silver particles can cause localized argyria and eye irritation, and a 7‐g dose of silver nitrate (~64 mg silver/kg body weight) is fatal to humans.…”

“…Hadrup et al 9 discussed the toxicity of nanoparticles after dermal and mucosal surface exposure. Exposure to silver particles can cause localized argyria and eye irritation, and a 7-g dose of silver nitrate (~64 mg silver/kg body weight) is fatal to humans.The administered doses on eyes and lips in our experimental setup were much lower than the fatal dose reported by Hadrup et al,9 and the particle concentrations in our experiment could be much lower than those in the actual industrial environment under a specific production process. The average concentration during arc welding is 1.42 × 10 7 particles/cm 3 at 4.8 cm from the emission source.…”

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of oral selenium from organic and inorganic sources: A review

“…The half-life of selenium in plasma was 18 hours for selenic acid, and this seems to be in line with the ingestion of selenite (Supplementary J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f increase in selenium of this compound returned to baseline 4 weeks later, suggesting a shorter halflife of selenite [46]. In four women who ingested 75 Se-selenomethionine (20 µCi containing less than 2 µg Se), several phases of excretion were observed. The first two being rapid phases with half-lives of 0.8-1.4 days and 12-19 days In addition a third phase showed a half-life of 130-137 days for three subjects and 328 days for one subject [53].…”

Antibacterial 3D-Printed Silver Nanoparticle/Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Consistent with the live-dead staining results, the CCK-8 experiment revealed (Figure 5B) that increasing AgNP concentration had no effect on cell viability on days 1, 3, 5, and 7, and that neither the experimental nor control groups exhibited significant cytotoxicity. Some studies have shown that excessive amounts of AgNPs can be toxic to humans [56]. In our study, the scaffolds containing AgNPs were shown to be non-toxic via cellular experiments.…”

Measuring the administered dose of particles on the facial mucosa of a realistic human model

“…The administered doses on eyes and lips in our experimental setup were much lower than the fatal dose reported by Hadrup et al, and the particle concentrations in our experiment could be much lower than those in the actual industrial environment under a specific production process. The average concentration during arc welding is 1.42 × 10 7 particles/cm 3 at 4.8 cm from the emission source .…”

“…Their results showed that 100‐nm liposomes had the best penetration ability. Hadrup et al discussed the toxicity of nanoparticles after dermal and mucosal surface exposure. Exposure to silver particles can cause localized argyria and eye irritation, and a 7‐g dose of silver nitrate (~64 mg silver/kg body weight) is fatal to humans.…”

“…Hadrup et al 9 discussed the toxicity of nanoparticles after dermal and mucosal surface exposure. Exposure to silver particles can cause localized argyria and eye irritation, and a 7-g dose of silver nitrate (~64 mg silver/kg body weight) is fatal to humans.The administered doses on eyes and lips in our experimental setup were much lower than the fatal dose reported by Hadrup et al,9 and the particle concentrations in our experiment could be much lower than those in the actual industrial environment under a specific production process. The average concentration during arc welding is 1.42 × 10 7 particles/cm 3 at 4.8 cm from the emission source.…”

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of oral selenium from organic and inorganic sources: A review

“…The half-life of selenium in plasma was 18 hours for selenic acid, and this seems to be in line with the ingestion of selenite (Supplementary J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f increase in selenium of this compound returned to baseline 4 weeks later, suggesting a shorter halflife of selenite [46]. In four women who ingested 75 Se-selenomethionine (20 µCi containing less than 2 µg Se), several phases of excretion were observed. The first two being rapid phases with half-lives of 0.8-1.4 days and 12-19 days In addition a third phase showed a half-life of 130-137 days for three subjects and 328 days for one subject [53].…”

Antibacterial 3D-Printed Silver Nanoparticle/Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Consistent with the live-dead staining results, the CCK-8 experiment revealed (Figure 5B) that increasing AgNP concentration had no effect on cell viability on days 1, 3, 5, and 7, and that neither the experimental nor control groups exhibited significant cytotoxicity. Some studies have shown that excessive amounts of AgNPs can be toxic to humans [56]. In our study, the scaffolds containing AgNPs were shown to be non-toxic via cellular experiments.…”

Measuring the administered dose of particles on the facial mucosa of a realistic human model

“…The administered doses on eyes and lips in our experimental setup were much lower than the fatal dose reported by Hadrup et al, and the particle concentrations in our experiment could be much lower than those in the actual industrial environment under a specific production process. The average concentration during arc welding is 1.42 × 10 7 particles/cm 3 at 4.8 cm from the emission source .…”

“…Their results showed that 100‐nm liposomes had the best penetration ability. Hadrup et al discussed the toxicity of nanoparticles after dermal and mucosal surface exposure. Exposure to silver particles can cause localized argyria and eye irritation, and a 7‐g dose of silver nitrate (~64 mg silver/kg body weight) is fatal to humans.…”

“…Hadrup et al 9 discussed the toxicity of nanoparticles after dermal and mucosal surface exposure. Exposure to silver particles can cause localized argyria and eye irritation, and a 7-g dose of silver nitrate (~64 mg silver/kg body weight) is fatal to humans.The administered doses on eyes and lips in our experimental setup were much lower than the fatal dose reported by Hadrup et al,9 and the particle concentrations in our experiment could be much lower than those in the actual industrial environment under a specific production process. The average concentration during arc welding is 1.42 × 10 7 particles/cm 3 at 4.8 cm from the emission source.…”

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of oral selenium from organic and inorganic sources: A review

“…The half-life of selenium in plasma was 18 hours for selenic acid, and this seems to be in line with the ingestion of selenite (Supplementary J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f increase in selenium of this compound returned to baseline 4 weeks later, suggesting a shorter halflife of selenite [46]. In four women who ingested 75 Se-selenomethionine (20 µCi containing less than 2 µg Se), several phases of excretion were observed. The first two being rapid phases with half-lives of 0.8-1.4 days and 12-19 days In addition a third phase showed a half-life of 130-137 days for three subjects and 328 days for one subject [53].…”

Antibacterial 3D-Printed Silver Nanoparticle/Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Consistent with the live-dead staining results, the CCK-8 experiment revealed (Figure 5B) that increasing AgNP concentration had no effect on cell viability on days 1, 3, 5, and 7, and that neither the experimental nor control groups exhibited significant cytotoxicity. Some studies have shown that excessive amounts of AgNPs can be toxic to humans [56]. In our study, the scaffolds containing AgNPs were shown to be non-toxic via cellular experiments.…”