Toxicity of Dietary Melamine to Laying Ducks: Biochemical and Histopathological Changes and Residue in Eggs

Gao, Caixia; Wu, Shu‐geng; Yue, Hui; Ji, Feng; Zhang, Haijun; Liu, Qingsheng; Fan, Zhiying; Liu, Fuzhu; Qi, Guang‐hai

doi:10.1021/jf904595q

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…None of the pigs displayed any abnormal clinical signs of melamine toxicosis during the experiment. The performance of pigs in this study demonstrated that there is no visible adverse effect from less than 1000 mg kg -1 dietary melamine, which is consistent with the previous studies on poultry, livestock and fishes Bai et al 2010;Gao et al 2010;Lv et al 2010).…”

Section: Growth Performancesupporting

confidence: 91%

Tissue deposition and residue depletion of melamine in fattening pigs following oral administration

Wang

Hong

et al. 2014

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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The adulteration of animal feed as well as milk products with melamine has led to concerns about the ability to establish appropriate withdrawal intervals to ensure food safety. Two experiments were conducted in this study. The first was to investigate the deposition and depletion of melamine in blood and tissues of pigs exposed to adulterated feed with high doses of melamine. A total of 500 or 1000 mg kg(-1) melamine was added to the diet for fattening pigs (initial BW = ±60.24 kg). Melamine residues were detected in tissues (brain, duodenum, liver, heart, muscle and kidney) by LC-MS/MS. Dose-dependent effects were found between melamine residual concentration and its dose in feed. Five days after the withdrawal of melamine from the diets, the residue concentration in tissues fell below 2.5 mg kg(-1). In the second experiment, blood samples were taken at different time points from fattening pigs (BW = 100 kg) fed with adulterated feed with 1000 mg kg(-1) of melamine for 42 days. Results from the pharmacokinetics analysis showed that it would take 83 h for the melamine level in plasma depleting to the safe level of 50 ng ml(-1) after an expose of 1000 mg kg(-1) melamine contaminated feed for 42 days.

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Section: Growth Performancesupporting

confidence: 91%

Tissue deposition and residue depletion of melamine in fattening pigs following oral administration

Wang

Hong

et al. 2014

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…The melamine concentration in the eggs fluctuated somewhat at around 21 d after first ingestion of the diets containing melamine at 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg. This result is consistent with previous reports that melamine concentration in eggs fluctuated continually around high levels until d 21 (Gao et al, 2010). Dong et al (2010) indicated that melamine concentration in eggs reached a maximum value at the 17th d after exposure, and values decreased somewhat over the next 4 d while hens were on the melamine treatment.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This demonstrated that melamine is not metabolised into cyanuric acid in quails. Previous reports indicated that melamine concentration in eggs increased rapidly with exposure from feeds, and then reached a plateau within one week (Gao et al, 2010;Xue et al, 2010). For economic reasons and in line with the objective, melamine concentrations in the eggs were only reported from d 11 onwards.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Most of the previous reports regarding melamine toxicity have been focused on mammals. The risk assessment of melamine in poultry was mainly conducted on laying hens and ducks, and broilers (Lü et al, 2009;Chen et al, 2010;Dong et al, 2010;Gao et al, 2010;Xue et al, 2010). No reports could be found in the literature on melamine in quail diets until now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Melamine residues in eggs of quails fed on diets containing different levels of melamine

Zhang

Guo

Wang

2012

British Poultry Science

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1. An experiment was conducted to determine residual melamine concentrations in eggs of quail given diets containing different concentrations of melamine, and to estimate the time at which withdrawing melamine from the diet would result in undetectable concentrations in eggs. A total of 600 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were randomly divided into 5 treatments, and given melamine at concentrations of 0, 2, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg diet respectively for 30 d. From d 31 to 41, all quails were given a diet without melamine. Each diet was offered to 4 replicates (cages) of 30 quails each. On d 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, and 41, eggs were collected for the determination of melamine and cyanuric acid levels. 2. Throughout the 41 d experimental period, inclusion levels of melamine in the diets of quails had no significant effect on daily feed intake, egg production percentage, and feed efficiency. No detectable amount of cyanuric acid was found in all eggs. When the diets contained melamine at 2 mg/kg, the amounts of melamine in eggs were below the detection limit. During the entire 30 d exposure, the maximum melamine concentrations in eggs were 0·162, 0·998 and 1·784 mg/kg for the 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg treatment groups, respectively, which demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship. 3. Upon feeding a diet without melamine, the melamine concentration in eggs decreased rapidly. The time taken for the amounts of melamine to decline below the detection limit were 1, 5, and 5 d for quails fed on the diets containing melamine at 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg respectively. 4. Melamine is not metabolised into cyanuric acid in quails, and a positive relationship exists between the concentrations in feed and in eggs.

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“…Gao et al (2010) found in ducks that administration of higher doses of melamine in feed caused also histological lesions in the liver.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of melamine and cyanurid acid contaminated diets on blood indicators in broiler chickens

Straková¹,

Karásková²,

Zapletal³

et al. 2014

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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ABSTRACT:The effect of melamine and cyanuric acid contaminated diets on basic haematological and biochemical blood indicators in male broiler chickens (Ross 308) was studied. The chickens were divided into 6 experimental groups (30 birds per group) and fed diets with an addition of 50 or 100 mg of melamine or 50 or 100 mg of cyanuric acid per kg of feed, with the contaminants added separately (either melamine or cyanuric acid) or in combination (melamine + cyanuric acid). The control group (C) was fed a diet without melamine or cyanuric acid. At the end of the experiment (day 40), 8 birds per treatment group were randomly selected for haematological and biochemical examination of blood. Red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean cell volume, and total leukocyte count did not differ significantly among the respective groups of broiler chickens (P > 0.05). The concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid used in the contaminated diet for broiler chickens led to highly significant changes in the content of total protein (TP), glucose (Glu), Ca, P, Na, and K (P < 0.01) and to significant changes in the content of Mg (P < 0.05) in their blood plasma. In comparison to the C group, the decrease in the content of TP, Glu, Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg in blood plasma was most pronounced in broilers fed the diets contaminated with cyanuric acid only or diets with the simultaneous contamination with melamine and cyanuric acid. On the basis of our results, it can be concluded that the contamination of feed with melamine and cyanuric acid, separately or in combination, results in impaired renal function and probably also in partial liver damage.Keywords: poultry; feed; level of contaminants; haematological indicators; biochemical indicators; toxicity List of abbreviations: AST = aspartate aminotransferase, Chol = cholesterol, Er = total red blood cell count, Glu = glucose, Hb = haemoglobin concentration, Ht = haematocrit value, Leu = total leukocyte count, MCH = mean corpuscular haemoglobin, MCHC = mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, MCV = mean cell volume, TP = total protein, UA = uric acid

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Toxicity of Dietary Melamine to Laying Ducks: Biochemical and Histopathological Changes and Residue in Eggs

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Tissue deposition and residue depletion of melamine in fattening pigs following oral administration

Tissue deposition and residue depletion of melamine in fattening pigs following oral administration

Melamine residues in eggs of quails fed on diets containing different levels of melamine

Effect of melamine and cyanurid acid contaminated diets on blood indicators in broiler chickens

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