Toxicity of coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia foetida to vertebrates but not invertebrates: probable role of sphingomyelin

Kobayashi, Hideshi; Ohtomi, Michiko; Sekizawa, Yoshiyuki; Ohta, Naoshi

doi:10.1016/s1532-0456(00)00213-1

Cited by 27 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In vivo experiments correlate with our in vitro results; coelomic fluid exerted lethal effects against a wide spectrum of vertebrate animal cells but not on those of invertebrates [21]. Some coelomocyte types (e.g.…”

Section: In Vitro Cytotoxicity Of Coelomocyte Lysates and Cell-free Csupporting

confidence: 85%

Earthworm leukocytes kill HeLa, HEp-2, PC-12 and PA317 cells in vitro

Engelmann

Kiss

Csöngei

et al. 2004

Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods

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Section: In Vitro Cytotoxicity Of Coelomocyte Lysates and Cell-free Csupporting

confidence: 85%

Earthworm leukocytes kill HeLa, HEp-2, PC-12 and PA317 cells in vitro

Engelmann

Kiss

Csöngei

et al. 2004

Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods

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“…The interval between the start of exposure and death was at least 15 min, even when lysenin was present at 20 mg/ml. The dose-response curve for the lethal activity of CF in minnows was shown in a previous report (Kobayashi et al, 2001). Tilapias died within 1h when exposed to CF at concentrations from 0.2% to 1.2%.…”

Section: Experiments I Lethal Effects Of Lysenin and Cfmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…We showed previously that lysenin binds specifically to SM among phospholipids found in the cell membrane (Yamaji et al,'98) and that lysenin, after incubation with SM-liposomes, loses its lethal activity (Kobayashi et al, 2001). The present experiments confirmed that lysenin and CF that have been incubated with SM-liposomes are no longer toxic, suggesting that SM might be involved in the lethal effects of lysenin and CF, and that the compound in CF that is responsible for the lethal effects of CF is lysenin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Damage to the gills, skin and other tissues by lysenin and the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia foetida in two teleosts, Tanichthys albonubes and Oreochromis mossambicus

et al. 2003

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Lysenin is a 33-kDa protein found in the coelomic fluid (CF) of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Purified lysenin binds specifically to sphingomyelin (SM). In the present studies, we found that the white cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes and the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus died in solutions of lysenin (at concentrations above 2.5 microg/ml) and CF (0.6%, v/v) within 2 h. The gills of both species of fish were damaged similarly by lysenin and by CF. Most gill lamellae became irregularly bent or curled, with swelling of the epithelial cells of the lamellae. Red blood cells in the lamellar vascular sinuses, in the central venous sinuses, and in the blood vessels of the entire body became swollen and lysed, choking the sinuses. Epithelial cells in the skin were also damaged. When fish of both species were treated with lysenin or CF that had been incubated with SM-liposomes, they did not die. Their behavior remained normal and there was no damage to any cells or tissues. These findings suggest that SM might be involved in the lethal effects of lysenin and CF. It is likely that purified lysenin and lysenin in CF bound to SM in the cell membranes of the tissues mentioned above, damaging the cells. The presence of SM in the gills and skin was confirmed, supporting this hypothesis. The damage to gills and hemolysis might have resulted in lethal respiratory problems. Damage to the skin might disturb the exchange of ions through the skin, hastening death. Damage by lysenin and CF to epithelial cells of the cornea and the wall of the oral cavity was also recognized, but there was no such damage to the intestine.

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“…The coelomic fluid of Eisena foetida had toxic effects in fishes and other vertebrates (Kobayashi et al, 2001;Ohta et al, 2003) but had less effect on invertebrate species (Kobayashi et al, 2001). Lysenin, a component of the coelomic fluid, was reported to produce toxic effects by binding to sphingomyelin (Yamaji et al, 1998, Kobayashi et al, 2001, Kobayashi et al, 2004, but heat-treatment of coelomic fluid caused a reduction in toxic effects suggesting lysenin and other haemolytic factors may be heat labile proteins (Tacon et al, 1983;Kauschke et al, 2007). Thus the preservation and processing methods used when some species of earthworms are incorporated into fish feed can greatly affect its palatability.…”

Section: Earthworms As a Feed Resourcementioning

confidence: 99%

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Pucher¹,

Ngoc²,

ThiHanhYen³

et al. 2014

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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It was evaluated whether earthworm meal can fully replace fishmeal in supplemental feeds for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that also feed on natural food resources in semi-intensive aquaculture. A net cage trial (32 nets) was carried out using three iso-nitrogenous feeds fed to common carp either at a level of 10 g/kg 0.8 metabolic body mass (5 fish per cage) or 20 g/kg 0.8 metabolic body mass (10 fish per cage). In feeds, fishmeal protein was replaced by 0 %, 50 % or 100 % of protein from sun dried earthworms (Perionyx excavatus). At both stocking densities, control groups of fish fed only on natural food resources. The growth rate of fish increased with rising replacement of fishmeal by earthworm meal at both feeding rates. Large zooplankton were the predominant natural food resource. With increasing availability of large zooplankton, sun dried earthworm meal in plant-based supplemental feeds seemed better able to meet the nutritional requirements of common carp than fishmeal. Integration of earthworm production (vermin culture) into small-scale farms in developing countries may open the possibility for farmers in rural areas to engage in semi-intensive aquaculture by using earthworms as a feed ingredient in supplemental feeds for common carp.

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Toxicity of coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia foetida to vertebrates but not invertebrates: probable role of sphingomyelin

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Earthworm leukocytes kill HeLa, HEp-2, PC-12 and PA317 cells in vitro

Earthworm leukocytes kill HeLa, HEp-2, PC-12 and PA317 cells in vitro

Damage to the gills, skin and other tissues by lysenin and the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia foetida in two teleosts, Tanichthys albonubes and Oreochromis mossambicus

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