Toxicity, monitoring and biodegradation of the fungicide carbendazim

Spectral, structural and energetic study of acephate, glyphosate, monocrotophos and phorate: an experimental and computational approach

“…On the basis of average polarizability and dipole moment, the order of bio-decomposition was as 1 > 3 >> 4 > 2. This order was in excellent agreement with the experimental decomposition as mentioned in the literature [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] (Figure 3). In recent studies, it has been analysed that under the recommended dose-level nitrogen containing molecules like glyphosate, monocrotophos and acephate stimulate the soil microbial growth of nitrification bacteria as well as soil fungi [41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

“…In the current study, out of four molecules 1-4, three molecules 1-3 are highly water soluble, so the risk of leaching into the aquatic environment is high if these are not quickly decomposed. The persistence of these toxic molecules in soils is a threat for soil fertility as they may inhibit the growth of beneficial microorganisms of soils [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. So, parameters including the dipole moment and polarizability of any molecule can play the decisive role for its biodegradation including toxic agrochemicals [47][48][49].…”

“…On the other hand, the presence of phorate at a recommended level significantly decreased dinitrogen fixation [45,46], numbers of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Fusarium, Humicola and Rhizopus [46]. Phorate and glyphosate persisted in the rhizospheric soils, the difference is that glyphosate is non-toxic to microorganisms while phorate cause toxicity in short life time [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. The large-scale use of pesticides in crop management systems emphasizes the need to understand their effects on soil microbial communities.…”

“…These studies are very important, especially with environmental concern and real-world analysis applications. For example, the detection of glyphosate by UV-visible spectrophotometric methods which are reliable and belongs to real-time analysis, interactions of pesticides with the soils and their adsorption on clay and humates [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]. These studies are the foundation of detection of various contaminants and their metabolites through the chromatographic methods in water, soils, fruits, crops, vegetables and other samples [41][42][43][44][45][46][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]64].…”

Environmental monitoring using bioassays

“…The criteria include the standardization of culture medium and conditions and experimental parameters [24]. Factors which could affect the toxicity of a compound are physicoÀchemical properties such as pH, temperature, and light (irradiance and exposure time) [25]. Other biomarkers which have been proven to be excellent when studying environmental stressors are biomolecular and biochemical measures [8,9].…”