Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of Caramel Colour IV in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice

Physiological Effects of Some Artificial and Natural Food Coloring on Young Male Albino Rats

“…This increase was more pronouncing in case of tetrazine treatment (percentage was 188%) followed by erythrosine (percentage was 184%) and then sunset yellow (percentage was 179%). These results are in agreement with the findings reported by Mackenzie et al (1992) and El-Malky et al (2014) who found a significant elevation in urea and creatinine levels in plasma and attributed that to impairment of renal functions. Through this work, the previous data confirmed the destructive effect of the synthetic tetrazine, sunset yellow and erythosine colorants on liver and kidney functions.…”

Physiological Effects of Some Artificial and Natural Food Coloring on Young Male Albino Rats

“…This increase was more pronouncing in case of tetrazine treatment (percentage was 188%) followed by erythrosine (percentage was 184%) and then sunset yellow (percentage was 179%). These results are in agreement with the findings reported by Mackenzie et al (1992) and El-Malky et al (2014) who found a significant elevation in urea and creatinine levels in plasma and attributed that to impairment of renal functions. Through this work, the previous data confirmed the destructive effect of the synthetic tetrazine, sunset yellow and erythosine colorants on liver and kidney functions.…”

Oxidative stress, biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by some synthetic food colorants on Albino rats

“…This decrease in body weights started in the third week and continued to the end of the experiment. Obtained results are in agreement with studies reported by Mackenzie et al (1992), EFSA (2009), EFSA (2010), and Mohamed et al (2019). Based on these studies it could be concluded that a large amount of sunset yellow, tartrazine and brilliant blue colorants caused significant changes in body weight of male rats.…”

“…While animals received sunset yellow in high dose equal (5xADI) and mixture of (tartrazine + brilliant blue) in both of low and high dose showed significant increase in liver and kidney weights compared with control group animals. These results are coincidence with Mackenzie et al (1992) who indicated that the relative weights of liver, kidneys, brain and testes were increased in rats treated with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 g/kg b.w. of caramel IV for 13 weeks.…”

Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of caramel colours (E 150 a,b,c,d) as food additives

“…Reduced water intake also affects renal function, reducing urinary output and increasing specific gravity. A compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney, without pathological changes, also occurs" (MacKenzie et al, 1992c). The authors considered therefore that the NOAEL in this study was 30 g/kg bw/day.…”

“…These changes were not considered by the authors to be toxicologically important and there were no other changes of toxicological significance. There was no evidence of treatment-related neoplastic lesions in any organs (MacKenzie, 1985d;MacKenzie et al, 1992c). The Panel agreed with the authors' conclusions and considered that the dose level of 10.0 g/kg bw/day was a NOAEL for Class IV Caramel in B6C3F1 mice.…”

Physiological Effects of Some Artificial and Natural Food Coloring on Young Male Albino Rats

“…This increase was more pronouncing in case of tetrazine treatment (percentage was 188%) followed by erythrosine (percentage was 184%) and then sunset yellow (percentage was 179%). These results are in agreement with the findings reported by Mackenzie et al (1992) and El-Malky et al (2014) who found a significant elevation in urea and creatinine levels in plasma and attributed that to impairment of renal functions. Through this work, the previous data confirmed the destructive effect of the synthetic tetrazine, sunset yellow and erythosine colorants on liver and kidney functions.…”

Oxidative stress, biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by some synthetic food colorants on Albino rats

“…This decrease in body weights started in the third week and continued to the end of the experiment. Obtained results are in agreement with studies reported by Mackenzie et al (1992), EFSA (2009), EFSA (2010), and Mohamed et al (2019). Based on these studies it could be concluded that a large amount of sunset yellow, tartrazine and brilliant blue colorants caused significant changes in body weight of male rats.…”

“…While animals received sunset yellow in high dose equal (5xADI) and mixture of (tartrazine + brilliant blue) in both of low and high dose showed significant increase in liver and kidney weights compared with control group animals. These results are coincidence with Mackenzie et al (1992) who indicated that the relative weights of liver, kidneys, brain and testes were increased in rats treated with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 g/kg b.w. of caramel IV for 13 weeks.…”

Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of caramel colours (E 150 a,b,c,d) as food additives

“…Reduced water intake also affects renal function, reducing urinary output and increasing specific gravity. A compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney, without pathological changes, also occurs" (MacKenzie et al, 1992c). The authors considered therefore that the NOAEL in this study was 30 g/kg bw/day.…”

“…These changes were not considered by the authors to be toxicologically important and there were no other changes of toxicological significance. There was no evidence of treatment-related neoplastic lesions in any organs (MacKenzie, 1985d;MacKenzie et al, 1992c). The Panel agreed with the authors' conclusions and considered that the dose level of 10.0 g/kg bw/day was a NOAEL for Class IV Caramel in B6C3F1 mice.…”

Physiological Effects of Some Artificial and Natural Food Coloring on Young Male Albino Rats

“…This increase was more pronouncing in case of tetrazine treatment (percentage was 188%) followed by erythrosine (percentage was 184%) and then sunset yellow (percentage was 179%). These results are in agreement with the findings reported by Mackenzie et al (1992) and El-Malky et al (2014) who found a significant elevation in urea and creatinine levels in plasma and attributed that to impairment of renal functions. Through this work, the previous data confirmed the destructive effect of the synthetic tetrazine, sunset yellow and erythosine colorants on liver and kidney functions.…”

Oxidative stress, biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by some synthetic food colorants on Albino rats

“…This decrease in body weights started in the third week and continued to the end of the experiment. Obtained results are in agreement with studies reported by Mackenzie et al (1992), EFSA (2009), EFSA (2010), and Mohamed et al (2019). Based on these studies it could be concluded that a large amount of sunset yellow, tartrazine and brilliant blue colorants caused significant changes in body weight of male rats.…”

“…While animals received sunset yellow in high dose equal (5xADI) and mixture of (tartrazine + brilliant blue) in both of low and high dose showed significant increase in liver and kidney weights compared with control group animals. These results are coincidence with Mackenzie et al (1992) who indicated that the relative weights of liver, kidneys, brain and testes were increased in rats treated with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 g/kg b.w. of caramel IV for 13 weeks.…”

Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of caramel colours (E 150 a,b,c,d) as food additives

“…Reduced water intake also affects renal function, reducing urinary output and increasing specific gravity. A compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney, without pathological changes, also occurs" (MacKenzie et al, 1992c). The authors considered therefore that the NOAEL in this study was 30 g/kg bw/day.…”

“…These changes were not considered by the authors to be toxicologically important and there were no other changes of toxicological significance. There was no evidence of treatment-related neoplastic lesions in any organs (MacKenzie, 1985d;MacKenzie et al, 1992c). The Panel agreed with the authors' conclusions and considered that the dose level of 10.0 g/kg bw/day was a NOAEL for Class IV Caramel in B6C3F1 mice.…”