Toxic Effects of Tyrothricin, Gramicidin and Tyrocidine

Rammelkamp, Charles H.; Weinstein, Louis

doi:10.1093/infdis/71.2.166

Cited by 48 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…After 48 h having consumed 76 μg/bee at 1.5 mg/mL Tcn (Figure 1b), an amount of 1.2 g/kg body mass was found to be non-toxic to bees. These data concur with those of numerous others in the literature reporting the relative safety of the oral consumption of Tcn in mammals (Kolmer and Rule 1946;Rammelkamp and Weinstein 1942). Oral dosages as high as 1.0 g/kg body mass were not toxic to mice and rats (Robinson and Molitor 1942).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Tolerance of honey bee adults and larvae toward tyrothricin peptides derived from Brevibacillus parabrevis

et al. 2017

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Tyrothricin is a peptide complex containing the linear gramicidins and cyclic tyrocidines. The tyrocidines have potent activity against fungal plant pathogens. As these peptides have possible agricultural applications, their toxicity was evaluated toward honey bee adults and larvae. Tyrothricin formulated in sucrose was non-toxic to caged adult honey bees at up to 1.5 g/L over 48-h exposure, which is 100-to 200-fold higher than the amount needed to eradicate high fungal loads (2 × 10 4 spores/mL). Moreover, tyrothricin and the tyrocidines displayed potent in vitro activity toward foulbrood causing pathogens (Paenibacillus larvae , Melissococcus plutonius , Paenibacillus alvei ) in honey bee larvae. In vivo tyrothricin or tyrocidine treatment delayed infection onset, indicating potential for curing. Tyrothricin was also found to be non-toxic with possible protective action in a semi-field trial on young bees released into hives, indicating the relative safety of the application of these antimicrobial peptides in an agricultural setting. tyrothricin / tyrocidine / antimicrobial peptides / agriculture / antifungal / honey bee tolerance Corresponding author: J. Arnold Vosloo, arnie@sun.ac.za; M. Rautenbach, mra@sun.ac.za

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Tolerance of honey bee adults and larvae toward tyrothricin peptides derived from Brevibacillus parabrevis

et al. 2017

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“…Antimicrobial peptides exhibit damaging effects against some organisms, but their safety in animals and humans is still an open question [59]. As previously reported, some AMPs have shown low hemolytic activity against mammalian blood cells [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cell Membrane-Interrupting Antimicrobial Peptides from Isatis indigotica Fortune Isolated by a Bacillus subtilis Expression System

Abbas

et al. 2019

Biomolecules

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The situation of drug resistance has become more complicated due to the scarcity of plant resistance genes, and overcoming this challenge is imperative. Isatis indigotica has been used for the treatment of wounds, viral infections, and inflammation for centuries. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in all classes of life ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. To identify AMPs, I. indigotica was explored using a novel, sensitive, and high-throughput Bacillus subtilis screening system. We found that IiR515 and IiR915 exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against a variety of bacterial (Xanthomonas oryzae, Ralstonia solanacearum, Clavibacter michiganensis, and C. fangii) and fungal (Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis cinerea) pathogens. Scanning electron microscope and cytometric analysis revealed the possible mechanism of these peptides, which was to target and disrupt the bacterial cell membrane. This model was also supported by membrane fluidity and electrical potential analyses. Hemolytic activity assays revealed that these peptides may act as a potential source for clinical medicine development. In conclusion, the plant-derived novel AMPs IiR515 and IiR915 are effective biocontrol agents and can be used as raw materials in the drug discovery field.

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“…In 1941, another AMP, tyrocidine, was discovered and found to be effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (Dubos and Hotchkiss 1941). However, tyrocidine exhibited toxicity to human blood cells (Rammelkamp 1942). In the same year, another AMP was isolated from a plant Triticumaestivum (Balls 1942), which was later named purothionin and found effective against fungi and some pathogenic bacteria (Ohtani et al 1977).…”

Section: History and Structural Information Of Antimicrobial Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Antimicrobial Peptides for Disease Control in Plants

Jung¹,

Kang²

2014

Plant Breed. Biotech.

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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT A large number of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from different organisms have been characterized to date. AMPs are small molecular weight proteins with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Several diseases in plants could result in serious losses and decreasing quality and safety of agricultural products. Being an agent for plant defense, AMPs kill target cells through diverse mechanisms once in a target microbial membrane. Cathelicidins, defensins and thionins are the three major groups of epidermal AMPs in human and plants. Plant AMPs are structurally and functionally diverse and can be directed against other organisms, like herbivorous insects. The biological activity of plant AMPs primarily depends on interactions with membrane lipids. Several antimicrobial peptides have been expressed in transgenic plants to confer disease protection. Antimicrobial peptides are interesting compounds that can be efficiently exploited for disease control in plants in a way that complies with the strict regulations on the efficacy and safety of disease control strategy.

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Toxic Effects of Tyrothricin, Gramicidin and Tyrocidine

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Tolerance of honey bee adults and larvae toward tyrothricin peptides derived from Brevibacillus parabrevis

Tolerance of honey bee adults and larvae toward tyrothricin peptides derived from Brevibacillus parabrevis

Cell Membrane-Interrupting Antimicrobial Peptides from Isatis indigotica Fortune Isolated by a Bacillus subtilis Expression System

Application of Antimicrobial Peptides for Disease Control in Plants

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