Towards the electrochemical diagnostic of influenza virus: development of a graphene–Au hybrid nanocomposite modified influenza virus biosensor based on neuraminidase activity
Abstract:An effective electrochemical influenza A biosensor based on a graphene-gold (Au) hybrid nanocomposite modified Au-screen printed electrode has been developed. The working principle of the developed biosensor relies on the measurement of neuraminidase (N) activity. After the optimization of experimental parameters like the effect of bovine serum albumin addition and immobilization times of fetuin A and PNA lectin, the analytical characteristics of the influenza A biosensor were investigated. As a result, a line… Show more
“…Electrochemical biosensors, which combine electrochemical techniques with biosensors, meet requirements for high selectivity, high sensitivity (high signal-to-noise ratio), simplicity, and low cost ( Anik et al, 2018 ; Lawal, 2018 ). Their portability (e.g., for use in POC systems), fast detection, real-time diagnostics, small analyte volume requirement, minimal manipulation, compatibility with microfabrication technology, and simple instrumentation are among their many advantages ( Abd Muain et al, 2018 ; Huang et al, 2016 ).…”
Section: Graphene-based Materials In Virus Sensingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Increasing the concentration of neuraminidase increased the concentration of galactose molecules, and hence lectin linked to the galactose ends, causing changes in the electrode resistance, which were monitored by EIS. Despite the sophisticated construction of the biosensor, a very low LOD of 10 −8 U mL −1 was achieved ( Anik et al, 2018 ). Fig.…”
Section: Graphene-based Materials In Virus Sensingmentioning
Our recent experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of easy-to-use, quick, cheap, sensitive and selective detection of virus pathogens for the efficient monitoring and treatment of virus diseases. Early detection of viruses provides essential information about possible efficient and targeted treatments, prolongs the therapeutic window and hence reduces morbidity. Graphene is a lightweight, chemically stable and conductive material that can be successfully utilized for the detection of various virus strains. The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene can be enhanced by its functionalization or combination with other materials. Introducing suitable functional groups and/or counterparts in the hybrid structure enables tuning of the optical and electrical properties, which is particularly attractive for rapid and easy-to-use virus detection. In this review, we cover all the different types of graphene-based sensors available for virus detection, including, e.g., photoluminescence and colorimetric sensors, and surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Various strategies of electrochemical detection of viruses based on, e.g., DNA hybridization or antigen-antibody interactions, are also discussed. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of graphene-based systems for sensing a variety of viruses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, influenza, dengue fever, hepatitis C virus, HIV, rotavirus and Zika virus. General principles, mechanisms of action, advantages and drawbacks are presented to provide useful information for the further development and construction of advanced virus biosensors. We highlight that the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials make them ideal candidates for engineering and miniaturization of biosensors.
“…Electrochemical biosensors, which combine electrochemical techniques with biosensors, meet requirements for high selectivity, high sensitivity (high signal-to-noise ratio), simplicity, and low cost ( Anik et al, 2018 ; Lawal, 2018 ). Their portability (e.g., for use in POC systems), fast detection, real-time diagnostics, small analyte volume requirement, minimal manipulation, compatibility with microfabrication technology, and simple instrumentation are among their many advantages ( Abd Muain et al, 2018 ; Huang et al, 2016 ).…”
Section: Graphene-based Materials In Virus Sensingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Increasing the concentration of neuraminidase increased the concentration of galactose molecules, and hence lectin linked to the galactose ends, causing changes in the electrode resistance, which were monitored by EIS. Despite the sophisticated construction of the biosensor, a very low LOD of 10 −8 U mL −1 was achieved ( Anik et al, 2018 ). Fig.…”
Section: Graphene-based Materials In Virus Sensingmentioning
Our recent experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of easy-to-use, quick, cheap, sensitive and selective detection of virus pathogens for the efficient monitoring and treatment of virus diseases. Early detection of viruses provides essential information about possible efficient and targeted treatments, prolongs the therapeutic window and hence reduces morbidity. Graphene is a lightweight, chemically stable and conductive material that can be successfully utilized for the detection of various virus strains. The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene can be enhanced by its functionalization or combination with other materials. Introducing suitable functional groups and/or counterparts in the hybrid structure enables tuning of the optical and electrical properties, which is particularly attractive for rapid and easy-to-use virus detection. In this review, we cover all the different types of graphene-based sensors available for virus detection, including, e.g., photoluminescence and colorimetric sensors, and surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Various strategies of electrochemical detection of viruses based on, e.g., DNA hybridization or antigen-antibody interactions, are also discussed. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of graphene-based systems for sensing a variety of viruses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, influenza, dengue fever, hepatitis C virus, HIV, rotavirus and Zika virus. General principles, mechanisms of action, advantages and drawbacks are presented to provide useful information for the further development and construction of advanced virus biosensors. We highlight that the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials make them ideal candidates for engineering and miniaturization of biosensors.
“…9 A) ( Muain et al, 2018 ). Anik and co-workers prepared a sensitive electrochemical neuraminidase activity assay biosensor for the determination of real influenza A virus (H9N2) by immobilizing specific surface glycoprotein neuraminidase of influenza A virus on graphene-gold electrodes modified with fetoglobulin A ( Anik et al, 2018 ). The terminal sialic acid residues in the fetuin A molecules were cleaved by neuraminidases, and then this process was monitored by adding peanut lectin on the electrode surface.…”
Section: Graphene Biosensors For Pathogensmentioning
:
The infection and spread of pathogens (e.g., COVID-19) pose an enormous threat to the safety of human beings and animals all over the world. The rapid and accurate monitoring and determination of pathogens are of great significance to clinical diagnosis, food safety and environmental evaluation. In recent years, with the evolution of nanotechnology, nano-sized graphene and graphene derivatives have been frequently introduced into the construction of biosensors due to their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. The combination of biomolecules with specific recognition capabilities and graphene materials provides a promising strategy to construct more stable and sensitive biosensors for the detection of pathogens. This review tracks the development of graphene biosensors for the detection of bacterial and viral pathogens, mainly including the preparation of graphene biosensors and their working mechanism. The challenges involved in this field have been discussed, and the perspective for further development has been put forward, aiming to promote the development of pathogens sensing and the contribution to epidemic prevention.
“…The experimental factors, including the impacts of the bovine serum albumin inclusion and the immobilization times of fetuin A and PNA lectin, were optimized to investigate the analytical characteristics of the influenza A biosensor. The invented biosensor was utilized for detecting the actual influenza virus A (H9N2) [ 101 ]. A magnetic/plasmonic-assisted fluoro-immunoassay system is designed to detect the influenza virus by magnetic-derivatized plasmonic molybdenum trioxide quantum dots (MP-MoO 3 QDs) as the plasmonic/magnetic agent and fluorescent graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (gCNQDs) as the monitoring probe.…”
Section: Application Of Carbon Nanomaterials For Viral Diagnosismentioning
Human-pathogenic viruses are still a chief reason for illness and death on the globe, as epitomized by the COVID-19 pandemic instigated by a coronavirus in 2020. Multiple novel sensors have been invented because diseases must be detected and diagnosed as early as possible, and recognition methods have to be carried out with minimal invasivity. Sensors have been particularly developed focusing on miniaturization by the use of nanomaterials for fabricating nanosensors. The nano-sized nature of nanomaterials and their exclusive optical, electronical, magnetical, and mechanical attributes can enhance patient care through the use of sensors with minimal invasivity and extreme sensitivity. Amongst the nanomaterials utilized for fabricating nano-sensors, carbon-based nanomaterials are promising as these sensors respond better to signals in various sensing settings. This review provides an overview of the recent developments in carbon nanomaterial-based biosensors for viral recognition based on the biomarkers that arise from the infection, the nucleic acids from the viruses, and the entire virus. The role of carbon nanomaterials is highlighted by the improvement of sensor and recognition functionality. The Dengue virus, Ebola virus, Hepatits virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, Zika virus and Adenovirus are the virus types reviewed to illustrate the implementation of the techniques. Finally, the drawbacks and advantages of carbon nanomaterial-based biosensors for viral recognition are identified and discussed.
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