Towards efficient and stable perovskite solar cells employing non-hygroscopic F4-TCNQ doped TFB as the hole-transporting material

Kwon, Hannah; Lim, Jae-Hwan; Han, Jinyoung; Quan, Li Na; Kim, Dawoon; Shin, Eun Sol; Kim, Eunah; Kim, Dong Wook; Noh, Yong‐Young; Chung, In Jae

doi:10.1039/c9nr05719f

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…[ 170 ] However, spiro‐OMeTAD is expensive and has poor stability. [ 65,171 ] Also, pristine spiro‐OMeTAD has a low intrinsic charge carrier mobility; [ 65,172 ] hence, it often requires the introduction of p‐type dopants, such as tert ‐butylpyridine ( t BP), Li‐bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li‐TFSI), and co‐complexes to improve its electrical conductivity. However, the corrosive and hygroscopic nature of the dopants leads to the introduction of moisture into the perovskite active layer, which subsequently reduces device performance and long‐term stability.…”

Section: Charge Transport Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite Solar Cells: Current Trends in Graphene‐Based Materials for Transparent Conductive Electrodes, Active Layers, Charge Transport Layers, and Encapsulation Layers

Muchuweni

Martincigh

Nyamori

2021

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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Recent advancements in technology have inevitably led to a significant increase in the global energy demand, whose traditional energy sources, such as fossil fuels and nuclear energy, are failing to meet needs due to their nonrenewable nature and consequent depletion. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Moreover, fossil fuels and nuclear energy are major sources of environmental pollution, which is responsible for unfavorable global warming and climate change. [7][8][9] Hence, there has been considerable research interest in sustainable and renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, due to its natural abundance and environmentally friendly nature. [10][11][12] In this regard, solar energy is most commonly converted into electricity by making use of the first-generation solar cells, i.e., crystalline silicon solar cells, that are now commercially available, with high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of above 26% [13,14] and superior environmental stability. [15] However, the largescale production of silicon-based solar cells is restricted by their high production cost, complicated fabrication procedures, rigidity, [16,17] and PCE, which is almost close to the theoretical limit of %29.4%. [18] As a result, the second-generation solar cells, i.e., thin-film solar cells, such as amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cells, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells, and cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells, [19][20][21] and the third-generation solar cells, such as organic solar cells (OSCs), perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), [22][23][24][25][26][27] have been developed by using simple and low-cost fabrication procedures. Among these, the thirdgeneration solar cells have gained significant research attention due to an abundance of low-cost materials, solution processability, flexibility, lightweight, environmental friendliness, and ease of scaling-up. [28][29][30][31][32] Interestingly, PSCs are a rising star owing to their recent breakthrough in PCE, which has shown a rapid increase from 3.8% in 2009 [33,34] to %25.5% for the current state-of-the-art PSCs. [35] The superior performance of PSCs is mainly attributed to the exceptional properties of metal halide perovskites, including the large absorption coefficient, direct and tunable bandgap, low exciton binding energy at room temperature, ambipolar charge transport characteristics, high charge carrier mobility, slow recombination kinetics, and long electron-hole diffusion length. [36][37][38][39][40][41] Thus, metal halide perovskites are emerging semiconductor materials, described by the general formula of ABX 3 , where A is a monovalent cation, such as methylammonium (CH 3 NH 3 þ ; MA), formamidinium (CH 3 (NH 2 ) 2 þ ; FA), caesium (Cs þ ), or rubidium (Rb þ ); B is a divalent metal cation, such as lead (Pb 2þ ), tin (Sn 2þ ), or germanium (Ge 2þ ); and X is a halide anion, such as iodide (I À ), bromide (Br À ), or chloride (Cl À ).

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Section: Charge Transport Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite Solar Cells: Current Trends in Graphene‐Based Materials for Transparent Conductive Electrodes, Active Layers, Charge Transport Layers, and Encapsulation Layers

Muchuweni

Martincigh

Nyamori

2021

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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“…Other remarkable crosslinking approaches reported in the past two years by different groups regard the incorporation of fluorine moieties within a crosslinkable and dopant-free smallmolecule HTM to further boost hydrophobicity of the chargeextracting layer and target defect-passivating interactions with the perovskite surface, [135] the use of electropolymerization to induce in situ formation of polyamine-based dopant-free HTMs for inverted PSCs, [136] and the in situ thermal conversion of solution-processable xanthate precursors into the corresponding insoluble glycol-derivatized poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene) HTMs with different hydrophilicity profiles influencing final device performance. [137] The insertion of an interfacial layer between the perovskite and the HTM or the HTM and the top metal electrode has been shown in other cases to be advantageous for reducing charge recombination in PSCs, [138,139] also through the passivation of surface defects in the semiconductor. [140][141][142] Engineering of the perovskite/HTM interface at the molecular level has even allowed Seo and coworkers to achieve outstanding PSC performance (a PCE of 22.7%) and stability, using a pristine, undoped P3HT HTM, [143] which normally provides relatively low PCEs (10-15%, [39,144] slightly better ones if doped [145,146] ).…”

Section: Smart Htms For Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Non‐Innocent Role of Hole‐Transporting Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2021

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Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2 0 ,7,7 0 -tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9 0 -spirobifluorene, from now on simply Spiro) is the most used and applied hole-transporting material (HTM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The reason is straightforward: after opportune formulation (i.e., addition of 4-tert-butylpyridine, tBP, and lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide, LiTFSI, as dopants/additives), the planar PSCs normally achieve the highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) at lab scale (up to 24%). [1] However, this result is strongly overestimated when compared with the longterm stability of the device: it has been already largely proved by several works that the necessary doping of the organic material augments the hygroscopic character of the layer, thus favoring moisture uptake from the atmosphere and subsequent perovskite film decomposition. [2,3] Combined with its notable cost (nowadays slightly decreasing due to the presence of more producers on the market), [4,5] we can assert that Spiro is only a model/benchmark HTM useful for lab-scale PSC production and testing. This is a pity indeed, because it possesses all the properties required for a good performing HTM: the high glass transition temperature due to the Spiro-type bond, the smooth film morphology that it forms, the relative simple processing, the electrochemical stability, the optical transparency in the visible window, the amorphous nature, the optimal band alignment with the perovskite valence band, and the chemical compatibility with dopants. Despite these very promising properties therefore, the high costs and very low inherent hole conductivity hugely reduce the possible commercialization of Spiro-based PSCs and force scientists to identify new avenues for obtaining long-term stability and for simplifying device processing methods.

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“…Yield: 0. 3,3-Di[3-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)carbazol-9-ylmethyl]oxetane (5). 0.4 g (0.6 mmol) of 3,3-di[3-iodocarbazol-9-yl]methyloxetane (3), 0.48 g (1.5 mmol) of 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-boronic acid pinacol ester, 0.02 g (0.03 mmol) of PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 and 0.17 g (3.0 mmol) of powdered KOH were stirred in 8 mL of THF containing degassed water (1 mL) at 80 • C under nitrogen for 2 h. After TLC control the reaction mixture was cooled and quenched by the addition of ice water.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Oxetane Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tremendous research efforts, which are devoted to the creation of high-power conversion efficiency PSCs, are highly related to the improved properties of newly developed hole transporting materials (HTM) [ 3 ]. Effective functions of the materials include extraction of photogenerated positive charges from a layer of perovskite, transportation of the charges to the metal electrode, and minimization of recombination losses at the TiO 2 /perovskite/HTM interface [ 4 , 5 ]. Considering the literature review, it can be concluded that spiro-OMeTAD is the best-known HTM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Thermal, Photophysical, Electrochemical Properties of 3,3-di[3-Arylcarbazol-9-ylmethyl]oxetane Derivatives

et al. 2021

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Novel oxetane-functionalized derivatives were synthesized to find the impact of carbazole substituents, such as 1-naphtyl, 9-ethylcarbazole and 4-(diphenylamino)phenyl, on their thermal, photophysical and electrochemical properties. Additionally, to obtain the optimized ground-state geometry and distribution of the frontier molecular orbital energy levels, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used. Thermal investigations showed that the obtained compounds are highly thermally stable up to 360 °C, as molecular glasses with glass transition temperatures in the range of 142–165 °C. UV–Vis and photoluminescence studies were performed in solvents of differing in polarity, in the solid state as a thin film on glass substrate, and in powders, and were supported by DFT calculations. They emitted radiation both in solution and in film with photoluminescence quantum yield from 4% to 87%. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed that the materials undergo an oxidation process. Next, the synthesized molecules were tested as hole transporting materials (HTM) in perovskite solar cells with the structure FTO/b-TiO2/m-TiO2/perovskite/HTM/Au, and photovoltaic parameters were compared with the reference device without the oxetane derivatives.

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Towards efficient and stable perovskite solar cells employing non-hygroscopic F4-TCNQ doped TFB as the hole-transporting material

Abstract: Designing an efficient and stable hole transport layer (HTL) material is one of the essential ways to improve the performance of organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs).

Cited by 27 publications

References 43 publications

Perovskite Solar Cells: Current Trends in Graphene‐Based Materials for Transparent Conductive Electrodes, Active Layers, Charge Transport Layers, and Encapsulation Layers

Perovskite Solar Cells: Current Trends in Graphene‐Based Materials for Transparent Conductive Electrodes, Active Layers, Charge Transport Layers, and Encapsulation Layers

The Non‐Innocent Role of Hole‐Transporting Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells

Synthesis and Thermal, Photophysical, Electrochemical Properties of 3,3-di[3-Arylcarbazol-9-ylmethyl]oxetane Derivatives

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