Towards Better WMS Maps Through the Use of the Styled Layer Descriptor and Cartographic Conflict Resolution for Linear Features

Enescu, Ionuţ Iosifescu; Panchaud, Nadia H.; Heitzler, Magnus; Enescu, Cristina M. Iosifescu; Hurni, Lorenz

doi:10.1080/00087041.2015.1119468

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The following literature review of map ontologies is not necessarily for map images but serve a reference for developing UMIs semantic description model. Iosifescu‐Enescu and Hurni (2007) considered the development of ontology as the initial step toward modeling computer‐comprehensible cartographic knowledge and emphasized concepts such as maps, graphic elements, visual variables, and symbols. Some researchers explored the use of ontology to develop expert systems or implement automation processes for making thematic maps (Dobesova & Brus, 2011; Ruzicka et al., 2013; Smith, 2010).…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ontology‐based semantic description model of ubiquitous map images

Jia,

Yang,

Ding

et al. 2024

Transactions in GIS

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Map images with various themes and cartographic representations have become ubiquitous on the Internet. Such ubiquitously and openly accessible data, named ubiquitous map images in this study, are a potential resource for many geographic information applications such as cartographic design. However, there is a semantic gap between the simple physical form and the complex connotation of ubiquitous map images, which hinders their further applications. To mitigate such barrier, this article develops an ontology‐based semantic description model for ubiquitous map images. First, we discuss the design concerns and principles of the semantic description model of ubiquitous map images. Second, three semantic layers of the semantic description model are proposed, that is, image semantic description layer, cognitive tool layer, and information source layer, and detailed semantic description items are defined for each layer. Furthermore, a formalized semantic description model for ubiquitous map images is developed using ontology construction tools, which lays the foundation for automated and fine‐grained reasoning with the information embedded in map images. We construct a small test dataset consisting of weather maps, and use three types of constraints, namely “time‐topic,” “region‐topic,” and “map auxiliary elements” for the semantic retrieval experiments. The experiments show that the proposed semantic ontology model can enable complex semantic retrieval of ubiquitous map images. Finally, the scalability of the model is discussed from three perspectives: the depth of description, the combination with intelligent methods, and the integration with other open knowledge bases. The proposed model provides a semantic label system for applying data‐driven approaches to decode ubiquitous map images, which also paves the path to the development of cartographic theory in the era of information and communications technologies.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ontology‐based semantic description model of ubiquitous map images

Jia,

Yang,

Ding

et al. 2024

Transactions in GIS

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“…a driving route that consists of a list of GPS coordinates can be presented by using gradually changing colours to represent different driving speeds, and the line joins' colour should also reflect this gradually changing information) and suddenly changing information (i.e. the line joins in a human-assigned boundary line would be better handled as sharp corners to reflect this absolute, suddenly changing information) (Garlandini and Fabrikant 2009;Dong, Ran, and Wang 2012;Harrie, Stigmar, and Djordjevic 2015;Iosifescu Enescu et al 2015). Traditional geometric drawing methods have mainly focussed on the generation of different shapes for line joins (or continual rendering); the rational rendering of different spatial objects has not been considered as frequently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A customizable method for handling line joins for map representations based on shader language

et al. 2016

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The rendering of line joins is important for representing linearly changing information and for allowing map readers to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the real world from maps. Although a range of software-based and graphic processing unit (GPU)-accelerated rendering methods have been developed to render wide lines, linear map symbols are much more complicated compared to commonly used line types in drawing geometric lines, and the rendering of lines joins should consider a filling process that is continuous, rational and efficient. This paper proposes an improved method to generate and adjust the U-V parameters (which are used to control the rendering process of linear map elements within the GPU shader language) of the vertices in line joins to provide a customizable approach for map designers to implement different drawing effects of line joins for drawing different line elements. Based on the customizability, the continual and rational rendering of line joins are studied. Two experiments are conducted to demonstrate the method's feasibility and efficiency; the results demonstrate that line joins can be effectively and rationally drawn with a variety of linear map symbols. The efficiency of rendering linear map elements is also improved with this method.

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“…In utilizing this rendering list, the process of rendering road networks is primarily based on the "Painter Algorithm". This algorithm uses a bottom-up strategy [29], wherein road elements at the top of the rendering list are drawn last. Accordingly, the three major methods for rendering road networks are described below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The single-line approach can describe the spatial distribution of a road network concisely, whereas the double-line can be used to more clearly represent the vertical relationship of two roads at an intersection [26,27]. With the help of the Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) specification proposed by the Open GIS Consortium (OGC), both of these approaches can be implemented by using the Stroke element [28,29]. As shown in Figure 1, the Stroke element contains a range of symbolization parameters, such as colour, width, line cap, and line join.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Representation Method for Complex Road Networks in Virtual Geographic Environments

Zheng

Hong

Yue

et al. 2017

IJGI

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Road networks are important for modelling the urban geographic environment. It is necessary to determine the spatial relationships of road intersections when using maps to help researchers conduct virtual urban geographic experiments (because a road intersection might occur as a connected cross or as an unconnected bridge overpass). Based on the concept of using different map layers to organize the render order of each road segment, three methods (manual, semi-automatic and mask-based automatic) are available to help map designers arrange the rendering order. However, significant efforts are still needed, and rendering efficiency remains problematic with these methods. This paper considers the Discrete, Crossing, Overpass, Underpass, Conjunction, Up-overlap and Down-overlap spatial relationships of road intersections. An automatic method is proposed to represent these spatial relationships when drawing road networks on a map. The data-layer organization method (reflecting road grade and elevation-level information) and the symbol-layer decomposition method (reflecting road covering order in the vertical direction) are designed to determine the rendering order of each road element when rendering a map. In addition, an "auxiliary-drawing-action" (for drawing road segments belonging to different grades and elevations) is proposed to adjust the rendering sequences automatically. Two experiments are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the method, and the results demonstrate that it can effectively handle spatial relationships of road networks in map representations. Using the proposed method, the difficulty of rendering complex road networks can be reduced.

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Towards Better WMS Maps Through the Use of the Styled Layer Descriptor and Cartographic Conflict Resolution for Linear Features

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

An ontology‐based semantic description model of ubiquitous map images

An ontology‐based semantic description model of ubiquitous map images

A customizable method for handling line joins for map representations based on shader language

A Representation Method for Complex Road Networks in Virtual Geographic Environments

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