Towards a Friendly Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Respect to Pollution, Battery and Drivability

Abstract

The paper proposes a generic methodology to incorporate constraints (pollutant emission, battery health, drivability) into on-line energy management strategies (EMSs) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The integration of each constraint into the EMS, made with the Pontryagin maximum principle, shows a tradeoff between the fuel consumption and the constraint introduced. As state dynamics come into play (catalyst temperature, battery cell temperature, etc.), the optimization problem becomes more complex. Simulation results are presented to highlight the contribution of this generic strategy, including constraints compared to the standard approach. These results show that it is possible to find an energy management strategy that takes into account an increasing number of constraints (drivability, pollution, aging, environment, etc.). However, taking these constraints into account increases fuel consumption (the existence of a trade-off curve). This trade-off can be sometimes difficult to find, and the tools developed in this paper should help to find an acceptable solution quickly.

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“…The house controller and PHEV EMS can communicate each other, to coordinate energy utilization in driving and parking. [97], [123]); ICE and battery thermal properties for safety; and global CO 2 emission, such as electricity generation [110], etc.…”

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“…However, the expected energy (E n ) for each generation system is required to be determined according to the initial loading order prior to the PPS procedure. The E n can be obtained using Equation (1) by referring to the equivalent load duration curve ELDC(x) as given in Equation (2). The PPC of the generation system based on the initial loading order can be determined using (3).…”

“…The main goal of the electric utility is concise for providing electrical as may be demanded by the customers at the lowest possible operating cost, in tandem with maintaining the system security, reliability, and economics of the system. Furthermore, reducing the environmental damage caused by the conventional thermal units, guaranteed consistent supply of energy on the secure condition and reducing the electricity bills of customers are parts of the goal [1][2][3]. However, load demand variation is largely uncontrollable, with any interruptions very costly.…”

“…This requirement has directly increased the total production cost of energy, operation and maintenance (O&M) cost of the electric utility and build up the level of emission [6,7]. Consequently, electric utilities are required to apply and implement sufficient planning for cost-effective operation and efficient economic decisions on the electricity market [2,[8][9][10]. Finding the least-cost resource options is mainly used to minimize the total electric utility costs by applying the optimization procedure to acquire energy savings and energy production options [11][12][13][14].…”