Toughening of poly(l-lactide) with poly(ε-caprolactone): Combined effects of matrix crystallization and impact modifier particle size

Fully bio-based, highly toughened and heat-resistant poly(L-lactide) ternary blends via dynamic vulcanization with poly(D-lactide) and unsaturated bioelastomer

“…The increase in the size of VUB particles could result in reduced impact strength, as the size of some particles is greater than 3 μm for PLLA/VUB/20PDLA as shown in Fig. 7e, which is much larger than the optimum size (~0.75 μm) for highly toughened amorphous or low crystalline PLLA matrix [57]. The enhancement in molecular entanglement of the matrix by incorporation of PDLA is helpful for improving impact strength of PLLA [48], while higher crystallinity of the matrix is harmful, because it would make the matrix shear yielding more difficult [58].…”

Stereocomplex crystallites induce simultaneous enhancement in impact toughness and heat resistance of injection-molded polylactide/polyurethane blends

“…[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] To date, various exible polymers, such as natural rubber, 11 poly(ethyleneglycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA), 12 thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), [13][14][15] poly(3-caprolactone) (PCL), [16][17][18] and polymerized soybean oil, 19,20 have been used for the toughening modication of PLLA. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] To date, various exible polymers, such as natural rubber, 11 poly(ethyleneglycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA), 12 thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), [13][14][15] poly(3-caprolactone) (PCL), [16][17][18] and polymerized soybean oil, 19,20 have been used for the toughening modication of PLLA.…”

“…[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] To date, various exible polymers, such as natural rubber, 11 poly(ethyleneglycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA), 12 thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), [13][14][15] poly(3-caprolactone) (PCL), [16][17][18] and polymerized soybean oil, 19,20 have been used for the toughening modication of PLLA. 12,17,[27][28][29] Thermal annealing is usually performed in order to enhance the crystallinity and resulting heat resistance of meltprocessed PLLA articles. [13][14][15]17,[22][23][24][25][26] Nevertheless, despite the remarkable progress in designing super-toughened PLLA materials, fabricating high-performance PLLA blends with both super toughness and high heat resistance through melt processing technologies is still challenging.…”

“…All the blending inevitably results in an undesirable decrease in originally poor heat resistance of PLLA due to the absence of strong heterogeneous nucleating effect of these tougheners on PLLA matrix crystallization. 17,[24][25][26]28,30 Reactive blending is one of the most simple and robust strategy to substantially improve the compatibility of the blends based on the in situ formation of block/gra copolymers at their immiscible interfaces, which can markedly suppress particle coalescence and enhance interfacial adhesion. 12,28,29 Very interestingly, Oyama 12 observed that annealing (at 90 C for 2.5 h) induced PLLA matrix crystallization can not only greatly enhance the heat resistance of PLLA/EGMA blends but also give rise to a notable improvement in the notched impact strength.…”

Phase structure evolution during mixing and processing of poly(lactic acid)/polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL) blends

“…Therefore, efficient compatibilizer for PLA/PCL blends has been intensively asked [28][29][30][31]. Less care has been paid to study effect of the properties of the component, and mixing and processing conditions on the morphology of PLA/PCL blends [32]. We believe that better understanding of the applicability and limits of available theories for prediction of the phase structure evolution in PLA/PCL blends during their mixing and processing is essential for their tailoring, i.e., preparation of their samples with required properties.…”