Tm3+:CaF2 for 1.9 μm laser operation

CaF2 doped with Tm3+: A cluster model

“…Moreover, they can be very efficient, with laser efficiencies of the order of 40-50%, because of helpful cross-relaxation energy transfers occurring among the Tm 3+ ions at high dopant concentrations and giving rise to two excited ions in the 3 F 4 upper laser level for each absorbed pump photon. Very good laser results were recently obtained on Tm 3+ :CaF 2 bulk crystals grown by the Bridgman technique [1]. Good efficiencies are obtained for relatively low doping levels thanks to ion clustering.…”

Latest developments of bulk crystals and thin films of rare-earth doped CaF2 for laser applications

“…The situation is even more complicated in the case of Tm 3+ doped CaF 2 for which samples have been grown, in the form of bulk crystals [18] and LPE thin films [19]. As shown in Fig.…”

Effects of sintering additives on preparation of CaF2 transparent ceramics

“…Thanks to these properties, calcium fluorite is appropriately used as window materials with a wave length ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared ray (IR), widely applied in the fields such as ultraviolet lithography, astronomical observation, aerial survey, detection, high-resolution optical instruments and matrix materials of laser medium, etc [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] .…”