Titanium and Titanium Alloys—From Raw Material to Semi‐finished Products

Abstract

With a total of 0.6 %, titanium ranks fourth among metals, behind iron, aluminum, and magnesium, and ninth among all elements in the Earth’s crust. However, even today it has not yet lost the air of an exotic and expensive material. The majority of titanium is used as oxide (about 95 %) in the paint industry as whitener or filler material. Not many people are aware of the fact that titanium as oxide is part of everyday life, e.g., in toothpaste, white paint, sun blockers, etc. The main reason behind the late use of titanium as a metal is the difficult and costly reduction of oxide to metal.

Engineering Oxygen‐Terminated Hexagonal MBene for Accelerated Lithium Migration and Exceptional Lithium‐Ion Battery Performance

“…This gradient promotes ion exchange between the bulky tetraalkylammonium ions (TBA + ) and protons, causing the MBene structure swelling. [ 17 ] After washing, the TBA + ‐intercalated MBene materials were sonicated in deionized water to promote exfoliation, followed by centrifugation. The resulting supernatant is a grey‐black dispersion of delaminated MS‐TiBT x h ‐MBene (denoted as d‐TiBT x ) in water (Figure S11a , Supporting Information).…”

Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

“…A depletion (lower color intensity) of niobium and an enrichment (higher color intensity) of titanium is observed in the α phase, indicating a diffusional mechanism of α phase formation due to the diffusion of mainly niobium. Zirconium and tin are stabilizing or neutral to the β phase-formation of titanium [ 80 , 81 ]. Minor differences in the distribution of zirconium and tin in terms of depletion can be observed between the α and β phases.…”

Sol-Gel-Derived Fibers Based on Amorphous α-Hydroxy-Carboxylate-Modified Titanium(IV) Oxide as a 3-Dimensional Scaffold

“…Due to the ubiquity of titanium in our environment, the uptake of titanium ions into the body is (even) unavoidable and Ti is present in every human [54]. After all, titanium is the fourth most common metal in the Earth's crust [55], is omnipresent in seawater [56,57] and plants [58] and, in the form of Thereby, an indirect proof for the release of titanium species out of the fibers is given. After all, TiO 2 is known to release Ti(OH) 4 or Ti(O)(OH) 2 in aqueous solution until a saturation concentration of ~1 µM is achieved [51].…”

“…Due to the ubiquity of titanium in our environment, the uptake of titanium ions into the body is (even) unavoidable and Ti is present in every human [54]. After all, titanium is the fourth most common metal in the Earth's crust [55], is omnipresent in seawater [56,57] and plants [58] and, in the form of synthetic crystalline particles, a commonly used white pigment [59]-even in cosmetics, tooth pastes, and sun protection [60].…”