Time-series analysis of six whale-fall communities in Monterey Canyon, California, USA

Lundsten, Lonny; Schlining, Kyra L.; Frasier, Kaitlin E.; Johnson, Shannon B.; Kuhnz, Linda A.; Harvey, Julio B.J.; Clague, Gillian; Vrijenhoek, Robert C.

doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.09.003

Cited by 108 publications

(136 citation statements)

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“…Wire cages were deployed via ROV Ventana (on R/V Point Lobos) on dive 3562 on 25 May 2010 at 1018 m depth in the Monterey Canyon, CA (36.77218 N; 122.08318 W) adjacent to a blue whale carcass [21]. Each trap contained four types of settlement substrate secured to the mesh via zip-ties: (i) 'large' teleost vertebrae (approx.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not whale-fall specialists, Osedax worms also consume fishbones

et al. 2011

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Marine annelid worms of the genus Osedax exploit sunken vertebrate bones for food. To date, the named species occur on whale or other mammalian bones, and it is argued that Osedax is a whale-fall specialist. To assess whether extant Osedax species could obtain nutrition from non-mammalian resources, we deployed teleost bones and calcified shark cartilage at approximately 1000 m depth for five months. Although the evidence from shark cartilage was inconclusive, the teleost bones hosted three species of Osedax, each of which also lives off whalebones. This suggests that rather than being a whale-fall specialist, Osedax has exploited and continues to exploit a variety of food sources. The ability of Osedax to colonize and to grow on fishbone lends credibility to a hypothesis that it might have split from its siboglinid relatives to assume the bone-eating lifestyle during the Cretaceous, well before the origin of marine mammals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not whale-fall specialists, Osedax worms also consume fishbones

et al. 2011

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“…This temporary environment sustains a chemosynthetic community for up to 10 years (Pavlyuk et al 2009) and can support ecosystems that extend up to 30 m in diameter (Debenham et al 2004). Initially, the carcass is colonised by necrophagous organisms and successively by scavengers that consume the soft tissue of the cetaceans, followed by opportunistic species with different feeding modes (Smith and Baco 2003;Lundsten et al 2010). Bones are then colonised by microorganisms or chemoautotrophs using sulphur as respiratory metabolites (Smith and Baco 2003;Fujiwara et al 2007), as well as by specialised bone-eating polychaetes of the genus Osedax (Rouse et al 2004) and, finally, by suspension feeders.…”

Section: Carcasses and Sunken Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review

et al. 2017

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Extreme marine environments cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface and offer many opportunities for investigating the biological responses and adaptations of organisms to stressful life conditions. Extreme marine environments are sometimes associated with ephemeral and unstable ecosystems, but can host abundant, often endemic and welladapted meiofaunal species. In this review, we present an integrated view of the biodiversity, ecology and physiological responses of marine meiofauna inhabiting several extreme marine environments (mangroves, submarine caves, Polar ecosystems, hypersaline areas, hypoxic/anoxic environments, hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, carcasses/sunken woods, deep-sea canyons, deep hypersaline anoxic basins [DHABs] and hadal zones). Foraminiferans, nematodes and copepods are abundant in almost all of these habitats and are dominant in deep-sea ecosystems. The presence and dominance of some other taxa that are normally less common may be typical of certain extreme conditions. Kinorhynchs are particularly well adapted to cold seeps and other environments that experience drastic changes in salinity, rotifers are well represented in polar ecosystems and loriciferans seem to be the only metazoan able to survive multiple stressors in DHABs. As well as natural processes, human activities may generate stressful conditions, including deoxygenation, acidification and rises in temperature. The behaviour and physiology of different meiofaunal taxa, such as some foraminiferans, nematode and copepod species, can provide vital information on how organisms may respond to these challenges and can provide a warning signal of anthropogenic impacts. From an evolutionary perspective, the discovery of new meiofauna taxa from extreme environments very often sheds light on phylogenetic relationships, while understanding how meiofaunal organisms are able to survive or even flourish in these conditions can explain evolutionary pathways. Finally, there are multiple potential economic benefits to be gained from ecological, biological, physiological and evolutionary studies of meiofauna in extreme environments. Despite all the advantages offered by meiofauna studies from extreme environments, there is still an urgent need to foster meiofauna research in terms of composition, ecology, biology and physiology focusing on extreme environments.

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“…These spatially heterogeneous and enriched habitats persist for varying timespans of 5 to 50 years, depending on a number of conditions (for example, depth and oxygen concentrations; Smith and Baco, 2003;Goffredi et al, 2004;Braby et al, 2007;Lundsten et al, 2010). Many organisms, both animals and free-living microbes, tend to be stratified in space and time around the decomposing carcasses (Smith et al, 2002;Goffredi et al, 2004;Braby et al, 2007;Goffredi et al, 2008;Vrijenhoek et al, 2009;Goffredi and Orphan, 2010;Lundsten et al, 2010).…”

Section: Genomic Implications For Intracellular Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic versatility and functional variation between two dominant heterotrophic symbionts of deep-sea Osedax worms

Goffredi

Zhang

et al. 2013

The ISME Journal

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An unusual symbiosis, first observed at B3000 m depth in the Monterey Submarine Canyon, involves gutless marine polychaetes of the genus Osedax and intracellular endosymbionts belonging to the order Oceanospirillales. Ecologically, these worms and their microbial symbionts have a substantial role in the cycling of carbon from deep-sea whale fall carcasses. Microheterogeneity exists among the Osedax symbionts examined so far, and in the present study the genomes of the two dominant symbionts, Rs1 and Rs2, were sequenced. The genomes revealed heterotrophic versatility in carbon, phosphate and iron uptake, strategies for intracellular survival, evidence for an independent existence, and numerous potential virulence capabilities. The presence of specific permeases and peptidases (of glycine, proline and hydroxyproline), and numerous peptide transporters, suggests the use of degraded proteins, likely originating from collagenous bone matter, by the Osedax symbionts. 13 C tracer experiments confirmed the assimilation of glycine/ proline, as well as monosaccharides, by Osedax. The Rs1 and Rs2 symbionts are genomically distinct in carbon and sulfur metabolism, respiration, and cell wall composition, among others. Differences between Rs1 and Rs2 and phylogenetic analysis of chemotaxis-related genes within individuals of symbiont Rs1 revealed the influence of the relative age of the whale fall environment and support possible local niche adaptation of 'free-living' lifestages. Future genomic examinations of other horizontally-propogated intracellular symbionts will likely enhance our understanding of the contribution of intraspecific symbiont diversity to the ecological diversification of the intact association, as well as the maintenance of host diversity.

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Time-series analysis of six whale-fall communities in Monterey Canyon, California, USA

Cited by 108 publications

References 32 publications

Not whale-fall specialists, Osedax worms also consume fishbones

Not whale-fall specialists, Osedax worms also consume fishbones

Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review

Genomic versatility and functional variation between two dominant heterotrophic symbionts of deep-sea Osedax worms

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