Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Its European Distribution in Ticks and Endothermic Mammals

Walter, Melanie; Vogelgesang, Janna R; Rubel, Franz; Brugger, Katharina

doi:10.3390/microorganisms8071065

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…In order to be able to create a similar map for the entire TBE endemic area in Eurasia, the data sets presented here must be expanded at least by the main TBE vectors I. ricinus and I. persulcatus. The Central European TBE map, which is based on TBE positive ticks and endothermic mammals (Walter et al 2020), could also be extended to the entire TBE distribution area with such tick data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vectors of disease at the northern distribution limit of the genus Dermacentor in Eurasia: D. reticulatus and D. silvarum

et al. 2020

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The two ixodid tick species Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius) and Dermacentor silvarum Olenev occur at the northern distribution limit of the genus Dermacentor in Eurasia, within the belt of 34−60 • N latitude. Whilst the distribution area of D. reticulatus extends from the Atlantic coast of Portugal to Western Siberia, that of D. silvarum extends from Western Siberia to the Pacific coast. In Western Siberia, the distribution areas of the two Dermacentor species overlap. Although the two tick species are important vectors of disease, detailed information concerning the entire distribution area, climate adaptation, and proven vector competence is still missing. A dataset was compiled, resulting in 2188 georeferenced D. reticulatus and 522 D. silvarum locations. Up-to-date maps depicting the geographical distribution and climate adaptation of the two Dermacentor species are presented. To investigate the climate adaptation of the two tick species, the georeferenced locations were superimposed on a high-resolution map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The frequency distribution of D. reticulatus under different climates shows two major peaks related to the following climates: warm temperate with precipitation all year round (57%) and boreal with precipitation all year round (40%). The frequency distribution of D. silvarum shows also two major peaks related to boreal climates with precipitation all year round (30%) and boreal winter dry climates (60%). Dermacentor silvarum seems to be rather flexible concerning summer temperatures, which can range from cool to hot. In climates with cool summers D. reticulatus does not occur, it prefers warm and to a lesser extent hot summers. Lists are given in this paper for cases of proven vector competence for various agents of both Dermacentor species. For the first time, the entire distribution areas of D. reticulatus and D. silvarum were mapped using georeferenced data. Their climate adaptations were quantified by Köppen profiles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Central European TBE map, which is based on TBE positive ticks and endothermic mammals (Walter et al. 2020 ), could also be extended to the entire TBE distribution area with such tick data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vectors of disease at the northern distribution limit of the genus Dermacentor in Eurasia: D. reticulatus and D. silvarum

et al. 2020

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“…This combination of measures is, for example, highly efficient against an infection with B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies, which can cause Lyme borreliosis and occur all over Germany in I. ricinus. In areas where TBE virus is present (Robert Koch-Institute 2021; Walter et al 2020) such measures should include vaccination against TBE, the most reliable measure of individual TBE prevention.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ticks on the turf: investigating the presence of ixodid ticks on and around football fields in Germany

Kahl¹,

Kämmer²,

Bulling³

et al. 2021

Exp Appl Acarol

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Ixodes ricinus is the most abundant tick species and an important vector of pathogens in Germany and in large parts of Europe. A few other ixodid tick species, e.g., Dermacentor reticulatus, may also be of eco-epidemiological relevance. As ticks are not only found in natural but also in suburban areas (parks, gardens), the present study investigated whether ticks occur on and near football grounds thus posing a potential risk to players and visitors. Thirty-two football grounds from all 16 German federal states were selected, mainly situated adjacent to a green area (forest, park). Ticks were collected by the conventional flagging method in spring 2018, and nymphs and adults were counted and morphologically determined. Altogether 807 nymphal and adult ticks were collected from 29 football grounds: 714 I. ricinus, 64 Ixodes inopinatus, 2 Ixodes frontalis, 24 Ixodes sp. ticks, and 3 D. reticulatus. Ixodes inopinatus was found in 13 out of 16 German states. Three ticks were even found on the turf of two football fields. It can be concluded that ticks occur quite frequently and sometimes in high abundance near football grounds situated close or adjacent to a forest or a park.

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“…In the northern hemisphere, the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus, transmits a plethora of pathogens to humans and animals, posing severe health concerns and economic losses (Heyman et al, 2010;Randolph & Šumilo, 2007;Sprong et al, 2018). For decades, in many European countries, the incidences of tick-borne diseases, most notably Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis, have been increasing ( Jaenson et al, 2012;Mysterud et al, 2016;Sykes & Makiello, 2017;Walter et al, 2020). The distribution of agents that cause these and many other diseases is changing on a spatiotemporal scale along with their tick vectors, and therefore it is of great importance to understand tick ecology (Beugnet & Marie, 2009;Parola, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Questing microbioticks : Interactions of microbes, ticks, vertebrates, and the environment

Krawczyk

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The influence of external (a)biotic factors on the maintenance of symbionts in tick populations depends much on symbionts' mode of transmission. (this thesis) <. Ticks choose their symbionts rather than symbionts choose their ticks. (this thesis) =. An infection that is a burden for an individual can be beneficial for a population. @. The !AS rRNA amplicon sequencing technique is a powerful tool for forming hypotheses. H. We are selective about who or what should be a member of the (bio)diversity we want to preserve. A. Nowadays, it is difficult to distinguish what we really think from what we have read online.

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Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Its European Distribution in Ticks and Endothermic Mammals

Cited by 16 publications

References 38 publications

Vectors of disease at the northern distribution limit of the genus Dermacentor in Eurasia: D. reticulatus and D. silvarum

Vectors of disease at the northern distribution limit of the genus Dermacentor in Eurasia: D. reticulatus and D. silvarum

Ticks on the turf: investigating the presence of ixodid ticks on and around football fields in Germany

Questing microbioticks : Interactions of microbes, ticks, vertebrates, and the environment

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