Thyroxine levels and antler growth in white-tailed deer

Iodine Distribution in the Environment as a Limiting Factor for Roe Deer Antler Development

“…In white-tailed deer, Bubenik et al [2] showed that T 3 utilization rate in the growing antler correlated with the intensity of antler growth. Based on the results of Brown et al [36], T 4 played a synergistic role in antler initiation and growth. Pantić [37] emphasized the connection between the thyroid and the quality of antler development in roe deer, and Sempéré and Boissin [38] found that T 4 concentration increased in late fall and early winter when the antlers were growing.…”

Iodine Distribution in the Environment as a Limiting Factor for Roe Deer Antler Development

“…In white-tailed deer, Bubenik et al [2] showed that T 3 utilization rate in the growing antler correlated with the intensity of antler growth. Based on the results of Brown et al [36], T 4 played a synergistic role in antler initiation and growth. Pantić [37] emphasized the connection between the thyroid and the quality of antler development in roe deer, and Sempéré and Boissin [38] found that T 4 concentration increased in late fall and early winter when the antlers were growing.…”

Evolution and function of horns and hornlike organs in female ungulates

“…(2) In male deer, antlers will not grow unless pedicles develop under the influence of testosterone and perhaps other hormones (Brown et al, 1983). I n male bovids on the other hand, growth of horns is not dependent on pubertal testosterone (Goss, 1969).…”

“…It may eventually be shown that the proximate cause of antler growth in female reindeer and caribou is an unusually high level of circulating androgens or other hormones (Wika, 1982a;Brown et al, 1983), just as high levels of androgens cause morphological 'mimicry' of male spotted hyena, Crocula crocula, by the female (Racey & Skinner, 1979). Conceivably, such heightened hormonal levels could have resulted from selection for some other condition than being antlered, such as heightened aggressiveness.…”

The Effect of Orally Administered Melatonin on the Seasonality of Deer Pelage Exchange, Antler Development, LH, FSH, Prolactin, Testosterone, T3, T4, Cortisol, and Alkaline Phosphatase

“…While no clear seasonal variations in plasma T4 levels in deer were found by most authors [Bubenik and Bubenik, 1978;Brown et al, 1983; Bubenik and Leatherland, 1984;Hamr and Bubenik, unpublished observation], few others have reported a seasonal rhythm [Bahnak et al, 1981;Watkins et al , 19831. This discrepancy might be due to climatic or nutritional conditions in different research facilities.…”

Iodine Distribution in the Environment as a Limiting Factor for Roe Deer Antler Development

“…In white-tailed deer, Bubenik et al [2] showed that T 3 utilization rate in the growing antler correlated with the intensity of antler growth. Based on the results of Brown et al [36], T 4 played a synergistic role in antler initiation and growth. Pantić [37] emphasized the connection between the thyroid and the quality of antler development in roe deer, and Sempéré and Boissin [38] found that T 4 concentration increased in late fall and early winter when the antlers were growing.…”

Evolution and function of horns and hornlike organs in female ungulates

“…(2) In male deer, antlers will not grow unless pedicles develop under the influence of testosterone and perhaps other hormones (Brown et al, 1983). I n male bovids on the other hand, growth of horns is not dependent on pubertal testosterone (Goss, 1969).…”

“…It may eventually be shown that the proximate cause of antler growth in female reindeer and caribou is an unusually high level of circulating androgens or other hormones (Wika, 1982a;Brown et al, 1983), just as high levels of androgens cause morphological 'mimicry' of male spotted hyena, Crocula crocula, by the female (Racey & Skinner, 1979). Conceivably, such heightened hormonal levels could have resulted from selection for some other condition than being antlered, such as heightened aggressiveness.…”

The Effect of Orally Administered Melatonin on the Seasonality of Deer Pelage Exchange, Antler Development, LH, FSH, Prolactin, Testosterone, T3, T4, Cortisol, and Alkaline Phosphatase

“…While no clear seasonal variations in plasma T4 levels in deer were found by most authors [Bubenik and Bubenik, 1978;Brown et al, 1983; Bubenik and Leatherland, 1984;Hamr and Bubenik, unpublished observation], few others have reported a seasonal rhythm [Bahnak et al, 1981;Watkins et al , 19831. This discrepancy might be due to climatic or nutritional conditions in different research facilities.…”

Iodine Distribution in the Environment as a Limiting Factor for Roe Deer Antler Development

“…In white-tailed deer, Bubenik et al [2] showed that T 3 utilization rate in the growing antler correlated with the intensity of antler growth. Based on the results of Brown et al [36], T 4 played a synergistic role in antler initiation and growth. Pantić [37] emphasized the connection between the thyroid and the quality of antler development in roe deer, and Sempéré and Boissin [38] found that T 4 concentration increased in late fall and early winter when the antlers were growing.…”

Evolution and function of horns and hornlike organs in female ungulates

“…(2) In male deer, antlers will not grow unless pedicles develop under the influence of testosterone and perhaps other hormones (Brown et al, 1983). I n male bovids on the other hand, growth of horns is not dependent on pubertal testosterone (Goss, 1969).…”

“…It may eventually be shown that the proximate cause of antler growth in female reindeer and caribou is an unusually high level of circulating androgens or other hormones (Wika, 1982a;Brown et al, 1983), just as high levels of androgens cause morphological 'mimicry' of male spotted hyena, Crocula crocula, by the female (Racey & Skinner, 1979). Conceivably, such heightened hormonal levels could have resulted from selection for some other condition than being antlered, such as heightened aggressiveness.…”

The Effect of Orally Administered Melatonin on the Seasonality of Deer Pelage Exchange, Antler Development, LH, FSH, Prolactin, Testosterone, T3, T4, Cortisol, and Alkaline Phosphatase

“…While no clear seasonal variations in plasma T4 levels in deer were found by most authors [Bubenik and Bubenik, 1978;Brown et al, 1983; Bubenik and Leatherland, 1984;Hamr and Bubenik, unpublished observation], few others have reported a seasonal rhythm [Bahnak et al, 1981;Watkins et al , 19831. This discrepancy might be due to climatic or nutritional conditions in different research facilities.…”