Three-dimensional imaging with arrays of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

Aull, Brian F.; Loomis, A.H.; Young, Douglas; Stern, Alan H.; Felton, Bradley; Daniels, Peter J. L.; Landers, D.J.; Retherford, L.; Rathman, D.D.; Heinrichs, Richard; Marino, Richard M.; Fouche, Daniel G.; Albotǎ, Marius A.; Hatch, R. E.; Rowe, G. S.; Kocher, David G.; Mooney, James; O’Brien, M.; Player, Brian E.; Willard, Berton C.; Liau, Z. L.; Zayhowski, J. J.

doi:10.1117/12.532723

Cited by 38 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays have found use in a variety of photon-counting imaging [1][2][3][4][5] and communications applications. 6,7 When operating in Geiger-mode, APDs are biased above the diode breakdown voltage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Fuses for Protection of Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays

Grzesik

Bailey

Mahan

et al. 2015

Journal of Elec Materi

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Current-limiting fuses composed of Ti/Al/Ni were developed for use in Geigermode avalanche photodiode arrays for each individual pixel in the array. The fuses were designed to burn out at $4.5 9 10 À3 A and maintain post-burnout leakage currents less than 10 À7 A at 70 V sustained for several minutes. Experimental fuse data are presented and successful incorporation of the fuses into a 256 9 64 pixel InP-based Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode array is reported.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Fuses for Protection of Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays

Grzesik

Bailey

Mahan

et al. 2015

Journal of Elec Materi

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“…Previous reports show that a SPAD detection architecture can be used in confocal microscopy (Böhmer et al, 2001), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) (Maiti et al, 1997;Ray et al, 2010), microarrays (Marangoni et al, 2010), flow cytometry (Li et al, 2012b), 3D acquisition (Aull et al, 2002;Niclass et al, 2008;Niclass et al, 2005), FLIM (Gersbach et al, 2010), single--molecule FRET Michalet et al, 2013;Panzeri et al, 2013), astrophysics (Zappa et al, 2007), astronomy (Nightingale, 1990), quantum mechanics (Rarity and Tapster, 1990), quantum cryptography (Chiangga et al, 1999), diode laser characterization (Cova et al, 1989) and optical fibre testing (Ripamonti et al, 1990).…”

Section: Time Resolved Detection System For Parallelised Tcspcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geiger mode provides single photon sensitivity, and therefore these devices have been termed single--photon avalanche diodes (Aull et al, 2002).…”

Section: Time Resolved Detection System For Parallelised Tcspcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There exist two operation methodologies for APDs: linear mode (Huntington et al, 2007), which typically cannot provide adequate gain with satisfactory noise to make the photocurrent from a single photon detectable; and Geiger mode which relies on 67 active quenching after an avalanche is ignited by an incident photon. Operating inGeiger mode provides single photon sensitivity, and therefore these devices have been termed single--photon avalanche diodes (Aull et al, 2002).At the bias, the high electric field (above 10 ! !! )…”

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Multifocal multiphoton microscopy with adaptive optical correction

et al. 2013

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Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a remarkably versatile technique in biologicalimaging. MPM provides increased depth over confocal imaging and can be combined with other imaging techniques such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), adding functional information. FLIM read--out is relatively straightforward using time--correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). Fluorescence lifetime detection enhances the power of multiphoton imaging to allow three dimensional, concentration independent, measurements of environmental parameters such as pH, Oxygen tension and Ca 2+ in addtion to the interaction or conformational modification of proteins by Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET); the latter is a particular focus of the Dimbleby research groups at King's CollegeLondon. However, there are significant limitations in both FLIM and MM.Limitations of TCSPC--FLIM include prolonged acquisition times along with signal and resolution degradation as a function of depth. This thesis demonstrates advancements multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging through improvements in two principal areas: speed and resolution at depth.In order to improve acquistion rates a multifocal multiphoton microscope (MMM) capable of rapid, parallelized TCSPC--FLIM was developed --MegaFLI. Acquisitions demonstrate rapid 3--dimensional, high temporal resolution FLIM in vivo Zebrafish.Performed by massively parallel excitation/detection the speed is signficantly improved by a factor of 64.In parallel to the MegaFLI project, a second microscope employing adaptive optical correction has been developed. The introduction of Adaptive Optics (AO) serves to improve imaging quality by counteracting the refractive index heterogeneities introduced by the sample, limiting the imaging depth. Incorporated with a single beam scanning FLIM system, a pupil--segmentation AO--TCSPC--FLIM demonstrates improved signal--to--noise ratio (SNR) and resolution, permiting a more accurate determination of fluorescent lifetime in turbid media. 3 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIPThe work present is my own work with the exception of TRI2, which was developed The introduction (Chapter 1) concentrates on optical methods developed in the context of multiphoton microscopy (MPM) or more specifically two--photon microscopy (TPM) (Denk et al., 1990). TPM enables long--term imaging of in vivo biological specimens, image generation at increased tissue depth, and higher signal--to--noise images compared to wide--field and confocal approaches (Helmchen and In comparison to confocal microscopy, two--photon microscopy (TPM) offers considerable benefits since excitation is confined to a femtolitre volume in the vicinity of the focal plane, reducing overall photobleaching and phototoxicity of thick samples (Centonze and White, 1998;Denk et al., 1990;Helmchen and Denk, 2005;Williams et al., 2001). Out--of--focus excitation is avoided due to the localization of the excitation making the confocal pinhole obsolete (Amos and Where is the numerical aperture of the obj...

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“…a redefinition of the candela based on a countable photon source. A photon standard linked to the definition of the candela could have a remarkable impact in traditional detection applications such as medical diagnosis, and bioluminescence, chemical, and material analysis [19][20][21][22], because the photometric unit would be directly linked to biological measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heralded single photon sources: a route towards quantum communication technology and photon standards

Castelletto

Scholten

2008

Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.

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Abstract. Single photon counting, based on single photon sources and detectors, is a key ingredient for certain applications aiming at new quantum information technologies. Quantum cryptography, quantum radiometry, distributed quantum computing, as well as adjacent technologies such as biomedical and astronomical imaging, and low power classical communication also rely on single-photon technology. This paper reviews the present status of single photon sources and related counting measurement techniques, based on correlated (or heralded) photons in parametric down-conversion, and their possible impact on the above mentioned technologies, as well as an assessment for photon standards in the future. PACS

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Three-dimensional imaging with arrays of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Development of Fuses for Protection of Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays

Development of Fuses for Protection of Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays

Multifocal multiphoton microscopy with adaptive optical correction

Heralded single photon sources: a route towards quantum communication technology and photon standards

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