Three-Dimensional Imaging and Display through Integral Photography

Abstract

Here, we present a review of the proposals and advances in the field of three-dimensional (3D) imaging acquisition and display made in the last century. The most popular techniques are based on the concept of stereoscopy. However, stereoscopy does not provide real 3D experience, and produces discomfort due to the conflict between convergence and accommodation. For this reason, we focus this paper on integral imaging, which is a technique that permits the codification of 3D information in an array of 2D images obtained from different perspectives. When this array of elemental images is placed in front of an array of microlenses, the perspectives are integrated producing 3D images with full parallax and free of the convergenceaccommodation conflict. In the paper we describe the principles of this technique, together with some new applications of integral imaging.

Enhanced volumetric imaging in 2‐photon microscopy via acoustic lens beam shaping

“…These are the standard conditions of operation of the acoustic lens, as demonstrated for confocal and 2PE microscopy . As expected, the beam is shifted axially for different time instances while preserving the peak intensity value and the FWHM, which is in agreement with the absence of aberrations—note that objective lenses are designed to operate at a specific focal plane, and thus there exists a practical limit of how much one can axially shift the beam focus without inducing aberrations . A different situation arises when driving the lens at higher frequencies while using a larger aperture (Figure B).…”

Toward 3D integral-imaging broadcast with increased viewing angle and parallax

“…Integral imaging (InI) is a technique that allows the capture and display of 3D information from 3D scenes, either computer generated or from the real world. InI has been an important research topic in the recent years, mainly due to its capacity to display autostereoscopic 3D images with full parallax and to capture the 4D lightfield of a 3D scene [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The latter has many useful applications such as obtaining depth maps, performing digital refocusing, removing occlusions, making object recognition, and many others [3][4][5][6][7].…”

A Cost Effective Process for Large Area Photonic Array Applied in Light Emitting Diodes for Light Extraction Enhancement

“…8 Among them, the surface microstructuring technology for microlens array is the most popular solution to improve the light extraction of LED chips with the most significant improvement of the light output efficiency. By adjusting the shape, the refractive index, the spatial arrangement and the duty ratio of the lens in the array, it is possible to achieve modulation of incident light, beam shaping, uniform light distribution and focusing, etc., [9][10][11][12][13][14] thereby realizing a desired light extraction enhancement. 15,16 Technically speaking, it still remains a challenge to replicate large area microlens arrays at low cost with high throughput.…”